Teleost fishes of the order Characiformes (Ostariophysi: Otophysa) comprise one of the largest and most morphologically diverse ordinal assemblages of primarily freshwater fishes. They are currently distributed in Africa and South, Central, and southern North America, with their greatest diversity (ca. 90%) in the Neotropical region. The group includes aquarium species commonly known as tetras, the world-famous predacious piranhas, and species important to commercial and subsistence fisheries such as the ‘dourados’ of the genus Salminus and the detritivores prochilodontids. Characiforms achieve large body sizes such as in the goliath tigerfish (Hydrocynus), of Africa, and the frugivorous tambaqui, (Colossoma), and ‘trairão’ of the genus (Hoplias) of South America. On the other side of the spectrum there are several miniature species not known to exceed a standard length of 26 mm (Weitzman, Vari, 1988; Conway, Moritz, 2006; Toledo-Piza et al., 2014). Characiforms are also known from the fossil record in which they are represented mainly by isolated skeletal elements and more rarely, articulated parts or whole specimens from South America, Africa, Europe, and the Arabian Peninsula (Malabarba, Malabarba, 2010).

Characiforms have been considered a natural group since the work of Müller (1843) and culminating with the analysis of Fink, Fink (1981, 1996) which provided strong support for the monophyly of the order based on morphological synapomorphies. However, more recent analyses of molecular data have challenged the monophyly of Characiformes (Ortí, Meyer, 1996, 1997; Nakatani et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2013; Chakrabarty et al., 2017; Melo et al., 2021).

Historical biogeographic hypotheses of the transatlantic distribution of the Characiformes were addressed in several studies (cf. Lundberg, 1993; Chen et al., 2013; Malabarba, Malabarba 2010; Arroyave et al., 2013), but phylogenetic uncertainties have hindered our understanding of how geomorphological processes drove their evolution (Chakrabarty et al., 2017).

Concepts about the higher-level phylogenetic relationships within Characiformes were reviewed by Vari (1998) and Buckup (1998). The family level classification of the order remained stable until the first decade of the 21st century (e.g., Reis et al., 2003 and Buckup et al., 2007), even though uncertainties were long recognized mainly regarding the composition and relationships of the family Characidae, which represents more than 50% of the species within the Characiformes. Subsequently, several studies using morphological and/or molecular approaches aimed to provide a phylogenetic diagnosis of the Characidae and to assess higher-level relationships of and within the family (e.g., Malabarba, Weitzman, 2003; Calcagnotto et al., 2005; Zanata, Vari, 2005; Menezes, Weitzman, 2009; Javonillo et al., 2010; Mirande, 2010; Oliveira et al., 2011; Mattox, Toledo-Piza, 2012; Thomaz et al., 2015, Mirande, 2018, Terán et al., 2020, Souza et al., 2022). Hypotheses of relationships generated by those studies resulted in the proposition and rearrangements in the composition of several genera and changes in the classification of subfamilies within the Characidae. Nomenclatural decisions were also proposed at the family level. The study of Mirande (2010) recognized a more encompassing Characidae which included most of the genera historically classified in the family, and treated the families Acestrorhynchidae and Cynodontidae (Lucena, Menezes, 1998; Reis et al., 2003) as subfamilies (Acestrorhynchinae and Cynodontinae, respectively) within Characidae. Alternatively, Oliveira et al. (2011) restricted the Characidae by removing many species to taxa newly elevated to family level status (Bryconidae, Chalceidae, Iguanodectidae, Triportheidae, Acestrorhynchidae and Cynodontidae; see Mirande, 2018 for a discussion).

The last comprehensive checklist of characiform fishes was published two decades ago (Reis et al., 2003), and included 1,460 valid characiform species grouped in 231 genera and 14 families. The list included only the Neotropical component of the order and was later updated, but only for species from Brazil (Buckup et al., 2007). A complete list of species of African characiforms was presented by Daget et al. (1984) and included 215 species in 38 genera and four families.

The organization of the taxonomic information achieved through previous checklists played an important role in the progress of our knowledge about freshwater fishes by compiling sources of species descriptions and revisions. The amount of taxonomic information generated in the last two decades justifies an update to those checklists, so that such data remain organized and accessible for analyses. Similar efforts were undertaken for two other Otophysan orders, the Siluriformes (Ferraris, 2007) and the Gymnotiformes (Ferraris et al., 2017). The aim herein was to produce a complete and accurate checklist of Recent and fossil characiform species through 2022.

Procedures. The starting point for preparing this checklist was the online version of Eschmeyers´s Catalog of Fishes by Fricke, Eschmeyer and van der Laan. From this database lists of recent nominal species and genera of the order Characiformes plus associated taxonomic information were extracted electronically. Experts were then invited to review, correct, and include additional information about taxa of their expertise. Information provided by those experts were checked and returned to them for corrections and /or to clarify any information that remained obscure or missing. This process was carried out in mainly three phases, after which information provided by the experts were combined and used as the basis for generating the text of this checklist. Family-group names were derived from Van der Laan et al. (2014) and the information that was checked included: author, date of publication and type genus. “Additional comments” or “Remarks” sections were used to provide information that helped clarify any other aspect related to the name. Information about fossil taxa were gathered separately by Maria Claudia Malabarba and include only species groups names presented in alphabetical order followed by the family to which they are currently assigned. Information on older literature were obtained from that listed in the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Spreadsheets, macros, and programs developed for this project. One of the main challenges to organizing this checklist involved dealing with information provided independently by many collaborators and combining everything into a single, coherent publication. Preliminary data were organized in spreadsheets in which information could be checked and edited and new information included in columns. In addition, several computer algorithms were developed for different tasks throughout the process. This helped us to check, compare, split, combine, and reorder information for different taxa. Spreadsheets, computer macros and programs were developed by Eduardo G. Baena for:

1) Extracting and compiling preliminary spreadsheets of species and genus names and information from Eschmeyers´s Catalog of Fishes by Fricke, Eschmeyer and van der Laan;

2) Splitting the spreadsheet that included all nominal species and grouping them according to genus and family;

3) Partially checking information provided by collaborators;

4) Checking and organizing bibliographic citations;

5) Checking information of all references cited;

6) Standardizing information that was equal throughout the text;

7) Generating the text version of the catalog from the spreadsheets;

8) Associating information from the three main spreadsheets (species, genus, family).

Organization of the checklist. Taxa are listed hierarchically at the levels of family, genera and species and are arranged alphabetically within each category. Intermediate levels (i.e., subfamilies, tribes, subgenera, and subspecies) are not used. Family membership of Neotropical species follows Oliveira et al. (2011), with the addition of the Tarumaniidae (de Pinna et al., 2017). African families include Citharinidae and Disticodontidae (Vari, 1979), Hepsetidae (Vari, 1995) and Alestidae with the latter two discussed by Mirande (2018). The families considered herein are: Acestrorhynchidae, Alestidae, Anostomidae, Bryconidae, Chalceidae, Characidae, Chilodontidae, Citharinidae, Crenuchidae, Ctenoluciidae, Curimatidae, Cynodontidae, Distichodontidae, Erythrinidae, Gasteropelecidae, Hemiodontidae, Hepsetidae, Iguanodectidae, Lebiasinidae, Parodontidae, Prochilodontidae, Serrasalmidae, Tarumaniidae and Triportheidae.

Collaborators in charge of reviewing and completing the taxonomic information are listed after the respective taxon name (family or genus).

Type localities are presented as they are in the original description (except, for consistency, “O” changed to “W” for longitudinal coordinates), followed, when necessary, by additional information (in square brackets) that clarifies or updates the information from the original description.

Only primary types are reported. Catalog numbers were not always verified, but in many cases, information that helped clarify any aspect related to the type(s) of the species are enclosed in brackets after the type catalog number. Museum codes of collections that house primary type specimens of nominal species of Characiformes follow Sabaj (2020, 2022).

Page numbers listed for accounts of genera or species refer to the first page in which the name is made available. In case where the page is unnumbered, its number is interpreted from other sources and indicated in square brackets. Figure numbers refer to that of the primary types only. If the figure is not numbered, the page in which it appears is indicated.

The geographic distribution of valid species is presented as numbers that correspond to areas for which there is a record of occurrence of the species. Such areas are those defined in Abell et al. (2008) and refer to the subdivisions of the freshwater ecoregions of the world (Figs. 1–5). We believe that expressing the distributions in terms of occurrence in those areas will facilitate future comparisons of species distributional patterns. The use of those numbers for fossil species is intended exclusively to show their geographic location. A number followed by the letter “a” (e.g.: 1a, 2a) indicates that the source of the record is from unpublished work such as monographs, dissertations, or theses. A number followed by an asterisk indicates that the source of the record derived from personal observation of contributor of section. A number followed by the letter “i” indicates the species has been introduced in the area represented by the number.

Species currently considered as valid but of uncertain generic assignment are listed under the genus in which the species was originally described, with comments on their generic assignment discussed under “Remarks” of the species account. Valid genera of uncertain family placement, and any species associated with that generic name are listed as Characiformes Incertae sedis.

Species names of uncertain status that could not be treated as valid or as a synonym of another name, are listed at the end of the taxon to which their assignment could be confidently made under the heading Species inquirenda for species name or Genus inquirendum for generic names. Names that could not be assigned to any family are treated as Characiformes inquirendae.

Names based on fossils are preceded by a dagger (†). Some of those names have been treated as Characiformes by other authors, based on ambiguous evidence. We chose to include those names in the current list but indicated them as Name wrongly treated as Characiformes. A list of unavailable names was included at the end of the text since some of those names may still need additional research to certify their status.

The list presented below is believed to be complete through 2022. We listed 3,087 species group names of which 2,334 are currently treated as valid and assigned to 301 genera and 24 families (Tab. 1). This total includes 25 species known only from the fossil record, of which 21 are assigned to eight extant families and four are Incertae sedis in Characiformes, but does not include five species based on fossil remains wrongly treated in Characiformes. There are 2,309 valid recent species, of which 2,065 occur in the Neotropical region and 244 belong to the four African families Alestidae, Citharinidae, Distichodontidae and Hepsetidae.

In the last two decades, 660 characiform species were described (624 from the Neotropical region and 36 from Africa) (Tab. 2). The taxonomic status of some of those species has already been reviewed and currently, 644 of those species (609 Neotropical and 35 from Africa) are considered as valid, including 11 based on fossils.

In the last comprehensive checklist of Neotropical freshwater fishes, Reis et al. (2003) estimated that there were 515 undescribed species of Characiformes from that region and predicted that estimate was low. For recent taxa, 602 currently valid species were described for the region in the last two decades (Tab. 3). Considering each family separately, the number of recent species described in this period compared to the previous estimates of Reis et al. (2003) were higher for the Anostomidae (29 vs. 25, respectively); Crenuchidae (38 vs. 30); Chilodontidae (1 versus 0); Curimatidae (19 vs. 10); Lebiasinidae (14 vs. 12) and the Parodontidae (9 versus 6). Reis et al. (2003) estimated that there were 400 undescribed species in the Characidae. Their concept of the family encompassed taxa that herein are moved to the families Acestrorhynchidae, Bryconidae, Chalceidae, Iguanodectidae, Serrasalmidae and Triportheidae (Tab. 3). In the last 20 years, a total of 480 valid species were added to the Characidae of Reis et al. (2003), an increase in 20% of the diversity of this group. Nineteen genera of Recent species were described for the same Characidae during this time of which 16 are currently considered as valid. With a total of 146 valid genera (including two fossils) and 1,236 currently recognized species (including three fossils) the Characidae, as considered herein, is the taxonomically most diverse characiform family, representing more than half of the diversity of the order (ca. 53%). The Anostomidae, Curimatidae, Crenuchidae, and Serrasalmidae are, in this order, the next most speciose Neotropical families in the order with numbers of species ranging between ca. 100 and 150 (Tab. 1). During this period, genera based on both fossil and Recent species were also proposed for other characiform families, three for the Anostomidae and one (Tarumania) for a new Neotropical family, the Tarumaniidae (de Pinna et al., 2017).

The African component of the characiform diversity is concentrated in the Alestidae and Distichodontidae with 121 and 109 valid recent species, respectively placing these families among the most speciose of the order. In the last two decades, 16 species were described for each of these families, of which three are based on fossil alestids. The other two families, Citharinidae and Hepsetidae have 8 and 6 species, respectively. Recent taxonomic studies of the Hepsetidae (Decru et al., 2013; Decru et al., 2015), with the single genus Hepsetus (considered monotypic up to 2011), resulted in the revalidation of three species and the description of two new valid species. No species were described for the Citharinidae in the last two decades.

CHARACIFORMES

ACESTRORHYNCHIDAE Eigenmann, 1912

Acestrorhynchinae Eigenmann, 1912a:406. Type genus: Acestrorhynchus Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903.

Heterocharacini Géry, 1966c:281. Type genus: Heterocharax Eigenmann, 1912.

Roestinae Lucena, Menezes, 1998:268. Type genus: Roestes Günther, 1864. Additional comments: Roestinae appeared first in the abstract on page 261, but the new name is formally defined on page 268.

ACESTRORHYNCHUS Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903 M Toledo-Piza

Xiphorhynchus Agassiz, in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:76. Type species: Salmo falcatus Bloch, 1794. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan, 1917:132. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Hydrocyon. Preoccupied by Xiphorhynchus Swainson, 1827, in Aves.

Xiphorhamphus Müller, Troschel, 1844:92. Type species: Salmo falcatus Bloch, 1794. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Replacement for Xiphorhynchus Agassiz, 1829. Preoccupied by Xiphorhamphus Blyth, 1843, in Aves.

Acestrorhynchus Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:527. Type species: Salmo falcatus Bloch, 1794. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Replacement for Xiphorhamphus Müller, Troschel.

Sphyraenocharax Fowler, 1907:460. Type species: Xiphorhamphus abbreviatus Cope, 1878. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Acestrorhynchus abbreviatus (Cope, 1878)

Xiphorhamphus abbreviatus Cope, 1878:687. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. [In the description Cope (1878) mentioned collections of 1873 (larger part originated from Nauta) and 1877 (partly obtained near Pebas). The year 1877 appears on the label of lectotype (ANSP 21532)]. Lectotype: ANSP 21532. [Designated by Fowler (1907:461, fig. 49). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:42)].

Distribution: 316, 317, 318a, 321, 319a (Menezes, 1992).

Remarks: Species recorded for the Peruvian Amazon but distributional limits are difficult to define due to taxonomic uncertainty (Paradeda, 2015).

Acestrorhynchus altus Menezes, 1969

Acestrorhynchus altus Menezes, 1969:52, 118, fig. 38. Type locality: Rio Arari in Cachoeira do Arari,Ilha de Marajó, Pará. [Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 45256.

Distribution: 323 (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, 1992).

Remarks: Species recorded for the Lower Amazon Basin but distributional limits are difficult to define due to taxonomic uncertainty (Paradeda, 2015).

Acestrorhynchus britskii Menezes, 1969

Acestrorhynchus britskii Menezes, 1969:58, 118, fig. 42. Type locality: Represa de Três Marias, Rio São Francisco basin in Minas Gerais. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 4406.

Distribution: 327 (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, Gery, 1983).

Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo falcatus Bloch, 1794:120, Pl. 385. Type locality: Suriname. [In the original description Bloch (1794) mentioned he received the fish from the Governor of Suriname]. Syntypes: ZMB 3613 (2). [See Paepke (1999) and Zarske (2012b:339] for information on types].

Salmo pulverulentus Linnaeus, 1758:312. Type locality: America. Holotype: NRM 7249. Name mentioned in Lacepéde (1803:274), but apparently never used as a valid name. Included in the synonymy of Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794) in Menezes (2003).

Xiphorhamphus ferox Günther, 1863:443. Type locality: Essequibo, Guiana. [Guyana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1964.1.21.39–40 (2).

Acestrorhynchus falcatus varius Menezes, 1969:40, fig. 25. Type locality: Cachimbo, Pará, Tapajós River basin. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 4560.

Distribution: 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 343 (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, Gery, 1983; López-Fernández, Winemiller, 2003; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013; Paradeda, 2015).

Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier, 1819)

Hydrocyon falcirostris Cuvier, 1819:361, Pl. 27 (fig. 2). Type locality: Brésil. [Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A–8604 (poor condition).

Distribution: 307, 310, 311, 313, 315, 314, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, Gery, 1983; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013).

Acestrorhynchus grandoculis Menezes, Géry, 1983

Acestrorhynchus grandoculis Menezes, Géry, 1983:582, fig. 8. Type locality: Mouth of Rio Urubaxi in Rio Negro, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 25863.

Distribution: 307 , 314, 316, 321 (Menezes, Gery, 1983; Toledo-Piza, Menezes, 1996; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013).

Acestrorhynchus heterolepis (Cope, 1878)

Xiphorhamphus heterolepis Cope, 1878:687. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. [In the description Cope (1878) mentioned collections of 1873 (larger part originated from Nauta) and 1877 (partly obtained near Pebas)]. Lectotype: ANSP 21246. [Designated by Fowler (1907:462, fig. 50). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:48)].

Distribution: 307, 310, 314, 316, 319, 321, 325* (Menezes, 1969; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013; López-Fernández, Winemiller, 2003; Toledo-Piza, pers. obs.).

Acestrorhynchus isalineae Menezes, Géry, 1983

Acestrorhynchus isalineae Menezes, Géry, 1983:577, figs. 5–6. Type locality: Tributary of Rio dos Marmelos (Rio Madeira basin) 110 kilometers east of Humaitá along rodovia Transamazônica, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 25849.

Distribution: 321 (Menezes, Gery, 1983; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013).

Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875)

Xiphorhamphus lacustris Lütken, 1875c:136 [10]. Type locality: Lagoa Santa. [Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. Syntypes: ZMUC 185 (1), 187–188 (2), 194 (1), 196 (1); MNHN 0000-9587 (1); SMNS 2042 (1); ZMB 9192 (1).

Distribution: 327, 344 (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, 1992).

Acestrorhynchus maculipinna Menezes, Géry, 1983

Acestrorhynchus maculipinna Menezes, Géry, 1983:579, fig. 7. Type locality: Rio Preto da Eva, between Manaus and Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 25861.

Distribution: 316 (Menezes, Gery, 1983).

Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Jardine, 1841)

Hydrocyon microlepis Jardine, in Schomburgk, 1841:247. Type locality: Rios Negro and Branco as well as in the Essequibo. [Menezes (1969) restricted the type locality to the Essequibo River, Guyana]. No types known. [See Toledo-Piza, Menezes (1996) for information about types].

Acestrorhynchus cachorro Fowler, 1940a:274, fig. 61. Type locality: Ucayali River basin, Boca Chica, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68679. [Holotype pictured in Toledo-Piza, Menezes (1996: fig. 8)].

Acestrorhynchus guianensis Menezes, 1969:70, 120, fig. 54. Type locality: Botanic Garden, [British] Guyana (trenches in Georgetown with water from the Demerara River). Holotype: FMNH 74359. [Holotype pictured in Toledo-Piza, Menezes (1996: fig. 7)].

Acestrorhynchus apurensis Toledo-Piza, Menezes, 1996:18, fig. 10. Type locality: Venezuela, Modulo de la UNELLEZ, Estado Apure. [Río Apure drainage, Río Orinoco]. Holotype: MZUSP 48373. Synonymy proposed by López-Fernández, Winemiller (2003).

Distribution: 307, 308, 311, 316,317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Toledo-Piza, Menezes 1996; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013; López-Fernández, Winemiller, 2003).

Acestrorhynchus minimus Menezes, 1969

Acestrorhynchus minimus Menezes, 1969:78, 120, fig. 60. Type locality: Lago Jacaré, Rio Trombetas, Amazon River basin. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 4608.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 315, 316, 319, 321, 323 (Menezes, 1969; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013; López-Fernández, Winemiller, 2003).

Acestrorhynchus nasutus Eigenmann, 1912

Acestrorhynchus nasutus Eigenmann, 1912a:411, Pl. 61 (fig. 4). Type locality: Rockstone. [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53475.

Distribution: 307, 310, 314, 316, 320*, 323* (Menezes, 1969; Menezes, Gery, 1983; López-Fernández, Winemiller, 2003; Toledo-Piza, pers. obs.).

Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992

Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992:42, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Cuiabá, Volta Grande, município de Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso (aproximadamente - 16°S, 56°W). [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 40256.

Salmo 26-radiatus Larrañaga, 1923:388. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Appeared as Salmo denticulosus vel 26-radiatus and Salmo 26-radiatus in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as synonym of Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794). Included as Salmo denticulosus vel 26-radiatus under Species inquirenda (Characidae) in Lima et al. (2003:159); Litz, Koerber (2014) equated it to Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992. Question of priority over A. pantaneiro not addressed.

Salmo denticulosus Larrañaga, 1923:388. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Appeared as Salmo denticulosus vel 26-radiatus and Salmo denticulosus in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as synonym of Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794). Included as Salmo denticulosus vel 26-radiatus under species inquirenda (Characidae) in Lima et al (2003:159); Litz, Koerber (2014) equated it to Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992. Question of priority over A. pantaneiro not addressed.

Distribution: 342, 343, 345 (Menezes, 1992; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013).

Remarks: Species recorded for Rio Paraguay basin, but distributional limits are difficult to define due to unclear taxonomic limits of species (Paradeda, 2015).

GILBERTOLUS Eigenmann, 1907 CAS Lucena

Gilbertella Eigenmann, 1903:147. Type species: Anacyrtus (Raestes) alatus Steindachner, 1878. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Preoccupied by Gilbertella Waite, 1902 in fishes, replaced by Gilbertolus Eigenmann, 1907.

Gilbertolus Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:2, 3. Type species: Anacyrtus (Raestes) alatus Steindachner, 1879. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine.

Gilbertolus alatus (Steindachner, 1878)

Anacyrtus (Raestes) alatus Steindachner, 1878:91. Type locality: ...seeartig ausgebreiteten Cienega, welche der MagdalenenStrom mit einem seiuer östlich gelegenen hauptarme kurz vor seiner Mündung in das Meer bildet. [Ciénaga, Río Magdalena, Colombia]. Holotype: NMW 14998.

Distribution: 303, 302 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998).

Gilbertolus atratoensis Schultz, 1943

Gilbertolus alatus atratoensis Schultz, 1943:275. Type locality: at Quibdo, Río Atrato, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 76976.

Distribution: 301 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998; Schultz, 1943).

Gilbertolus maracaiboensis Schultz, 1943

Gilbertolus alatus maracaiboensis Schultz, 1943:273. Type locality: in a caño half a mile west of Sinamaica, Estado de Zulia, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121386.

Distribution: 303 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998; Schultz, 1943).

GNATHOCHARAX Fowler, 1913 GMT Mattox

Gnathocharax Fowler, 1913b:560. Type species: Gnathocharax steindachneri Fowler, 1913. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Gnathocharax steindachneri Fowler, 1913

Gnathocharax steindachneri Fowler, 1913b:561, fig. 19. Type locality: Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira River, and approximately two miles distant, 8°45’S, 63°54’W, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39309.

Distribution: 307, 308*, 309*, 310, 314, 315*, 316, 318*, 319, 320*, 321, 323* ( Böhlke, 1955a; Toledo-Piza, pers. obs.).

HETEROCHARAX Eigenmann, 1912 GMT Mattox

Heterocharax Eigenmann, 1912a:258, 405. Type species: Heterocharax macrolepis Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Heterocharax leptogrammus Toledo-Piza, 2000

Heterocharax leptogrammus Toledo-Piza, 2000b:301, fig. 13. Type locality: Brazil: Amazonas: rio Arirará, near mouth, 0°20’S, 63°40’W. Holotype: MZUSP 29229.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314 (Toledo-Piza, 2000b).

Heterocharax macrolepis Eigenmann, 1912

Heterocharax macrolepis Eigenmann, 1912a:406, Pl. 61 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rockstone, British Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53669.

Distribution: 307, 308, 311, 313, 314, 316, 321 (Toledo-Piza, 2000b).

Heterocharax virgulatus Toledo-Piza, 2000

Heterocharax virgulatus Toledo-Piza, 2000b:298, figs. 4–7, 10–11. Type locality: rio Negro at the confluence with Río Urubaxi, 0°35’S, 64°45’W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 29226.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 316 (Toledo-Piza, 2000b).

HOPLOCHARAX Géry, 1966 GMT Mattox

Hoplocharax Géry, 1966c:286. Type species: Hoplocharax goethei Géry, 1966. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Hoplocharax goethei Géry, 1966

Hoplocharax goethei Géry, 1966c:291, figs. 7–11. Type locality: “Igarapé da Mae Joana” near Manaus, lower Rio Negro, Brazil. Holotype: SU 56478.

Distribution: 307*, 308*, 314, 316* (Géry, 1966c; Toledo-Piza, pers. obs.).

LONCHOGENYS Myers, 1927 GMT Mattox

Lonchogenys Myers, 1927:121. Type species: Lonchogenys ilisha Myers, 1927. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Lonchogenys ilisha Myers, 1927

Lonchogenys ilisha Myers, 1927:122. Type locality: Brazil: Sandbank on the Colombian border, Rio Negro, Cucuhy. Holotype: CAS 61719.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 315* (Myers, 1927; Toledo-Piza, pers. obs.).

PRIOCHARAX Weitzman, Vari, 1987 M Toledo-Piza

Priocharax Weitzman, Vari, 1987:641. Type species: Priocharax ariel Weitzman, Vari, 1987. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Priocharax ariel Weitzman, Vari, 1987

Priocharax ariel Weitzman, Vari, 1987:641, figs. 1–5. Type locality: Venezuela, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Departamento Río Negro, Caño Manu, tributary of Río Casiquiare approximately 250m upstream from Solano, 2°00’N, 66°57’W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-15340.

Distribution: 314 (Weitzman, Vari, 1987; Mattox et al., 2022).

Priocharax britzi Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza, Oliveira, 2021

Priocharax britzi Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza, Oliveira, 2021:5, figs. 1–5. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Canutama, small lake approximately 400 m from the rio Ipixuna, after bridge crossing this river, on the right side of the Transamazônica Road (BR-230) going from Humaitá to Lábrea, rio Ipixuna drainage, upper Purus basin, 07°31’11.46”S 63°20’59.58”W. Holotype: MZUSP 125822.

Distribution: 316 (Mattox et al., 2021).

Priocharax nanus Toledo-Piza, Mattox, Britz, 2014

Priocharax nanus Toledo-Piza, Mattox, Britz, 2014:231, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, rio Negro basin, lake at right bank of rio Urubaxi, near Igarapé Tapage, 0°33’44.2”S 64°49’40.8”W. Holotype: MZUSP 114014.

Distribution: 314 (Toledo-Piza et al., 2014).

Priocharax pygmaeus Weitzman, Vari, 1987

Priocharax pygmaeus Weitzman, Vari, 1987:646, fig. 6. Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Amazonas, in Quebrada Pajarito, tributary of Quebrada Matamata, a tributary of Río Amazonas, northwest of Leticia, about 04°41’S, 69°57’W. Holotype: NRM 15048.

Distribution: 316 (Weitzman, Vari, 1987; Mattox et al., 2020).

Priocharax varii Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza, Britz, Oliveira, 2020

Priocharax varii Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza, Britz, Oliveira, 2020:419, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto approximately 12km South from road BR-364, before bridge crossing the river, Rio Jamari drainage, 08°52’53.5”S, 63°37’50.8”W. Holotype: MZUSP 125786.

Distribution: 321 (Mattox et al., 2020).

ROESTES Günther, 1864 CAS Lucena

Lycodon Kner, 1860:52. Type species: Cynopotamus molossus Kner, 1858. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Preoccupied by Lycodon Fitzinger, 1826 in Reptilia.

Roestes Günther, 1864:345, 347. Type species: Cynopotamus molossus Kner, 1858. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Anacyrtus Günther, 1864:345.

Xiphocharax Fowler, 1914a:251. Type species: Xiphocharax ogilviei Fowler, 1914. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Roestes itupiranga Menezes, Lucena, 1998

Roestes itupiranga Menezes, Lucena, 1998:289, fig. 7. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Lago Grande, Itupiranga, Rio Tocantins. Holotype: INPA 10267.

Distribution: 324 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998).

Roestes molossus (Kner, 1858)

Cynopot. molossus Kner, 1858b:168 [8]. Type locality: aus Matogrosso, Rio Guaporé und von Caiçara. [Brazil; Information about type locality cited later by Kner (1860)]. Syntypes: NMW 68754–55 (2, 2), 92856 (2).

Distribution: 319, 321 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998).

Roestes ogilviei (Fowler, 1914)

Xiphocharax ogilviei Fowler, 1914a:252, fig. 9. Type locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: ANSP 39337.

Distribution: 310, 314, 316 (Menezes, Lucena, 1998).

ALESTIDAE Cockerell, 1910

Hydrocionini Bonaparte, 1835:18. Type genus: Hydrocynus Cuvier, 1816. Additional comments: Bonaparte (1835:18) misspelled Hydrocionini. Bonaparte (1837:7) changed to Hydrocyonini. Eigenmann (1909b:256) corrected to Hydrocyninae.

Miletidini Bonaparte, 1835:18. Type genus: noavailable type genus.

Alestini Cockerell, 1910:112. Type genus: Alestes Müller, Troschel, 1844. Additional comments: Name in prevailing recent practice.

Clupeocharacinae Pellegrin, 1926:159. Type genus: Clupeocharax Pellegrin, 1926.

Alestopetersiini Hoedeman, 1951:5. Type genus: Alestopetersius Hoedeman, 1951.

Bryconaethiopini Hoedeman, 1951:2. Type genus: Bryconaethiops Günther, 1873. Additional comments: Fowler (1958:8) changed to Bryconaethiopsini.

Petersiini Poll, 1967:2. Type genus: Petersius Hilgendorf, 1894.

ALESTES Müller, Troschel, 1844 G Boden, D Geelhand de Merxem

Myletes Cuvier, 1814:75. Type species: Salmo dentex Hasselquist, 1762 (= Cyprinus dentex Linnaeus, 1758). Type by subsequent designation by Cuvier’s disciples in 1839, see Géry (1972a). Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Name was suppressed in ICZN Opinion 1813, 1995 and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic names in Zoology.

Alestes Müller, Troschel, 1844:88. Type species: Salmo niloticus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan (1919a). Gender: Masculine.

Alestiops Fowler, 1975:73. Type species: Alestes macrophthalmus tanganicae Hoedeman, 1951. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Alestes by Hoedeman (1951); it included 5 species, but no type was established (Art. 13.3).

Alestes ansorgii Boulenger, 1910

Alestes ansorgii Boulenger, 1910:542. Type locality: Quanza River at Cunga and Dondo, and from the Lucalla River at Lucalla, Angola. Syntypes: ANSP 37964 (1) Quanza R.; BMNH 1910.11.28.60–62 (3) Lucalla River at Lucalla; BMNH 1910.11.28.63–64 (2) Quanza River at Dondo; BMNH 1910.11.28.65–70 (6) Quanza River at Cunga; ZMB 18206 (3) Quanza River at Cunga. [Syntype ZMB 18206 illustrated in Zarske (2011b) (Abb. 14b and Abb. 14c)].

Distribution: 551 (Boulenger, 1910; Stiassny et al., 2009).

Remarks: Paugy (1986) regarded Alestes ansorgii Boulenger, 1910 as a subspecies of Alestes macrophthalmus Günther, 1867, but this was not confirmed by Stiassny et al. (2009) and Zarske (2011b).

Alestes baremoze (Joannis, 1835)

Myletes baremoze Joannis, 1835:no page number, Pl. 6. Type locality: Thèbes, Nil. [Nile, Egypt]. Syntypes: MNHN A-9712 (3).

Alestes kotschyi Heckel, 1847:308, Pl. 21 (fig. 4). Type locality: Assuan, Ägypten. [Egypt]. Syntypes: NMW 16630 (1, dry); NMW 66687 (2).

Alestes (Alestes) wytsi Steindachner, 1870:542 [10], Pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: Senegal. Syntypes: ?MCZ 4008 (4); NMW 76206 (2), 54790 (4), 54793 (7), 66755 to 66773 (4, 5, 8, 4, 2, 5, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 5, 2). [MCZ 4008 (4) is considered a questionable syntype and treated as a type at MCZ. The specific locality of this type is Dagana R. at Bakel, Senegal].

Alestes splendens Werner, 1906:1127. Type locality: Mongalla, oberen Nil. [Nile, South Sudan]. No types known. [The original publication mentioned only one specimen from Mongalla].

Alestes baremoze tchadense Blache, 1964:74, fig. 30. Type locality: bassin du Chad et du bassin adjacent du Mayo Kebbi. [Type locality was not detailed, but all specimens were collected from the Lake Chad basin at different locations (Chari River delta, Fort-Lamy and the confluence of Chari and Logone Rivers) and Mayo Kebbi rapids]. Syntypes: (many). [The original description of this subspecies does not mention type specimens, but the description is based on many specimens caught in the Lake Chad basin and the Mayo Kebbi basin].

Alestes baremoze soudaniensis Paugy, 1986: 52. Type locality: Sénégal, Gambie, Tominé, Niger, Volta et Tchad [Senegal, Gambia, Corubal, Niger, Volta and Chad basins]. Syntypes: (many) [all specimens on which the description is based are to be considered as syntypes (collection specimens listed in material examined and those from which literature data is taken)].

Alestes baremoze eburneensis Paugy, 1986: 52. Type locality: Côte d’Ivoire: Sassandra, Bandama et Comoé. Syntypes: 9many) [all specimens on which the description is based are to be considered as syntypes (collection specimens listed in material examined and those from which literature data is taken)].

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 514, 516, 520, 522, 523, 525, 530 (Paugy, 1986; Bailey, 1994; Paugy, 2003; Getahun, 2007; Seegers et al., 2003).

Alestes dentex (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cyprinus dentex Linnaeus, 1758:325. Type locality: Nilo [Nile]. Holotype: NRM 49. [see Fernholm, Wheeler (1983):214].

Salmo niloticus Linnaeus, 1758:312. Type locality: Nilo [Nile]. No types known.

Characinus niloticus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809: 50, Pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type locality: Nil [Nile]. No types known.

Myletes hasselquistii Cuvier, 1818:449, Pl. 21 (fig. 2). Type locality: Nil [Nile]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6301 (1); MNHN A-9713 (5); MNHN A-9714 (1); MNHN A-9715 (1).

Alestes sethente Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:190. Type locality: Sénégal. Syntypes: MNHN A-9716 (5). According to Paugy (2003) two subspecies of Alestes dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) are generally recognised on the basis of differences in meristic characters: A. dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Nile and A. dentex sethente (Valenciennes, 1850) from the Sudanese basins in West Africa.

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 516, 520, 522, 523, 525, 530 (Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003; Getahun, 2007; Seegers et al., 2003).

Remarks: Valenciennes, 1850 acted as first reviser in giving precedence of Cyprinus dentex Linnaeus over Salmo niloticus Linnaeus (ICZN Opinion 1813, 1995). Salmo dentex Hasselquist, 1762 is an unavailable name.

Alestes inferus Stiassny, Schelly, Mamonekene, 2009

Alestes inferus Stiassny, Schelly, Mamonekene, 2009:110, fig. 1. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Bas Congo Province, Mpozo River main channel at bridge near confluence with Congo River mainstream, 5°50’5”S, 13°29’42”E. Holotype: AMNH 242136.

Distribution: 550 (Stiassny et al., 2009).

Alestes liebrechtsii Boulenger, 1898

Alestes liebrechtsii Boulenger, 1898b:29, Pl. 15. Type locality: Haut-Congo: Upoto, Umangi. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.17.22 (1); RMCA 140 (1); RMCA 168 (1). [RMCA 122 is sometimes indicated as type, but this seems uncertain because the locality (= Leopoldville) and number of specimens do not correspond with the data in the original description].

Distribution: 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549 (Poll, Gosse, 1963b; Matthes, 1964b; Gosse, 1968; Roberts, Stewart, 1976; Paugy, 1986; Stiassny et al., 2009; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Alestes macrophthalmus Günther, 1867

Alestes macrophthalmus Günther, 1867:113 [4]. Type locality: Gaboon. Holotype: BMNH 1867.5.3.25.

Alestes (Alestiops) macrophthalmus tanganicae Hoedeman, 1951:3. Type locality: Africa (no specific locality). [Type locality was not specified in the original description; species was described in an identification key following the study of supplementary material of African characid fishes from the Belgian Congo]. No types known.

Distribution: 505, 518, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 548 (RMCA fish collection; Poll, 1953; Gosse, 1968; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Paugy, 1986; De Vos et al., 2001; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Stiassny et al., 2009; Van Steenberge et al., 2014).

Alestes stuhlmannii Pfeffer, 1896

Alestes stuhlmannii Pfeffer, 1896:44. Type locality: Kingani-Fluss, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. [Tanzania]. Syntypes: ZMB 13675 (2).

Alestes adolfi Steindachner, 1914b:537. Type locality: Deutsch-Ostafrika. [Steindachner (1916) provided a more elaborate description of the species, including details of its type locality: “Ulanga-Flusse bei Ifakara, Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Tanzania]. Syntypes: NMW 66697 (swimbladder); NMW 66698 (2).

Distribution: 564 (Pfeffer, 1896; Bailey, 1969; Paugy, 1986).

ALESTION Roberts, 2019 G Boden

Alestion Roberts, 2019 Type species: Alestion rapax Roberts, 2019. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Alestion rapax Roberts, 2019

Alestion rapax Roberts, 2019:84. Type locality: Republique Democratique du Zaïre (today D. R. of Congo), Lower Congo River basin, Kwilu watershed, slow flowing muddy creek or backwater of Kwilu River in sugar cane plantations near Moerbeke, 5°34’S, 14°39’E. Holotype: NRM 62738.

Distribution: 546 (Roberts, 2019).

ALESTOPETERSIUS Hoedeman, 1951 G Boden

Alestopetersius Hoedeman, 1951:6 (in key). Type species: Petersius hilgendorfi Boulenger, 1899. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Petersialestes Hoedeman, 1951:8 (in key). Type species: Petersius xenurus Boulenger, 1920. Type by monotypy (one species, two subspecies); nominate subspecies is type. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Alestopetersius.

Rhabdopetersius Hoedeman, 1951:8 (in key). Type species: Petersius leopoldianus Boulenger, 1899. Type by monotypy (one species, two subspecies); nominate subspecies is type. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Alestopetersius.

Duboisialestes Poll, 1967:133. Type species: Alestopetersius xenurus tumbensis Hoedeman, 1951. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Alestopetersius bifasciatus (Poll, 1967)

Duboisialestes bifasciatus Poll, 1967:135, fig. 31. Type locality: Bokuma, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 96575.

Distribution: 534, 537, 538 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Alestopetersius bleheri (Géry, 1995)

Phenacogrammus bleheri Géry, 1995:52, figs. 34–35. Type locality: Zaïre, Equateur Province, small tributary of Bari River, a feeder of the Lua River, 74 km on the road Bozene to Gemena. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MHNG 2572.09.

Distribution: 535 (Géry, 1995).

Alestopetersius brichardi Poll, 1967

Alestopetersius brichardi Poll, 1967:83, fig. 17. Type locality: Yangambi, lac Yandja, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 121105.

Distribution: 534, 537, 548 (Poll, 1967; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2012).

Alestopetersius caudalis (Boulenger, 1899)

Petersius caudalis Boulenger, 1899b:89, Pl. 37 (fig. 3). Type locality: Boma, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1899.9.26.102–103 (2); RMCA 849 (1), 850 (1), 851 (1), 852 (1), 853 (1), 854 (1). [Lectotype designated by Poll (1967), but without mentioning collection number and therefore is not identifiable. All specimens are treated as syntypes.].

Petersius brumpti Pellegrin, 1906b:368. Type locality: Rivière Abba. [Type locality is further explained in a footnote: “La rivière Abba, d’une largeur d’environ 10 mètres est un affluent de la Dongou, une des branches de l’Ouellé”. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MNHN 1903-0294.

Petersius xenurus Boulenger, 1920b:17, fig. 7. Type locality: Avakubi et Poko, Congo Belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1919.9.10.132–134 (3); BMNH 1919.9.10.135 (1); RMCA 7205–7209 (5); RMCA 8060 (1); RMCA 8105 (1).

Micralestes grandi Fowler, 1936:260, fig. 13. Type locality: Fort Sibut, Ubangi-Shari. [Central African Republic]. Holotype: ANSP 65553.

Distribution: 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 538, 550 (Boulenger, 1899b; Poll, 1967; Ibala Zamba, 2010; Decru et al., 2017).

Alestopetersius compressus (Poll, Gosse, 1963)

Petersius compressus Poll, Gosse, 1963b:47, Pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rivière Lotolo (route Yangambi-Bosulo), Congo central. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 137845.

Distribution: 537, 539, 540 (Decru et al., 2017; Poll, Gosse, 1963b; Poll, 1967).

Alestopetersius conspectus Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2012

Alestopetersius conspectus Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2012:64, fig. 4. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Bandundu Province, Kwilu River at Carrefour, 05.19160°S, 18.94947° E. Holotype: AMNH 253473.

Distribution: 546 (Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2012).

Alestopetersius hilgendorfi (Boulenger, 1899)

Petersius hilgendorfi Boulenger, 1899b:91, Pl. 37 (fig. 5). Type locality: Kutu et Ibali, lac Léopold II, Congo. Lectotype from: “Kutu”. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: RMCA 829. [Designated by Poll (1967)].

Petersius modestus Boulenger, 1899b:92, Pl. 37 (fig. 6). Type locality: Kutu, lac Léopold II, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 828.

Distribution: 534, 535, 537, 538, 546, 547, 548, 550 (Boulenger, 1899b; Boulenger, 1916; Pellegrin, 1906a; Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Alestopetersius leopoldianus (Boulenger, 1899)

Petersius leopoldianus Boulenger, 1899b:90, Pl. 37 (fig. 4). Type locality: Kutu et Ibali, lac Léopold II, Congo. [Lectotype from: “Kutu”. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: RMCA 821. [Designated by Poll (1967)].

Distribution: 546, 547 (Stiassny et al., 2021a; Poll, 1967).

Alestopetersius nigropterus Poll, 1967

Alestopetersius nigropterus Poll, 1967:84, fig. 18. Type locality: Ibali, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 845.

Distribution: 534, 546, 547 (Stiassny et al., 2021a; Ibala Zamba et al., 2019; Poll, 1967).

Alestopetersius smykalai Poll, 1967

Alestopetersius smykalai Poll, 1967:84, fig. 19. Type locality: Aba, Bas Niger, Nigéria. Holotype: RMCA 153776.

Distribution: 506 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Alestopetersius taeniatus (Géry, 1996)

Phenacogrammus taeniatus Géry, 1996: 5, figs. 1, 3, 4. Type locality: At the forestry of the SEFAX (Libongo village) on the Sangha River, ca. 160 km east of Lokomo, Boumba & Ngoko Dept., Cameroon, approximately 2°45’N, 16°5’E. Holotype: MHNG 2583.28.

Distribution: 534 (Géry, 1996).

Alestopetersius tumbensis Hoedeman, 1951

Alestopetersius (Petersialestes) xenurus tumbensis Hoedeman, 1951:8. Type locality: Belgian Congo. [Lectotype from: “lake Tumba (Congo)”; however, Matthes (1964a) considered this type locality very doubtful and supposed that specimens probably originated from Stanley-Pool. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: ZMA 100166. [Designated by Matthes (1964b)].

Hemigrammopetersius duboisi Poll, 1959:81, Pl. 22 (fig. 1). Type locality: Stanley Pool. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 118350.

Distribution: 538, 546, 548 (Poll, 1967).

ARNOLDICHTHYS Myers, 1926 G Boden

Arnoldichthys Myers, 1926d:174. Type species: Petersius spilopterus Boulenger, 1909. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Arnoldichthys spilopterus (Boulenger, 1909)

Petersius spilopterus Boulenger, 1909a:239, fig. 182. Type locality: Creek at Atijéré, 80 miles E. of Lagos (Lagos Coast) and mouths of Niger. [Nigeria]. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.7.16.40–41 (2); BMNH 1908.12.9.53 (1).

Distribution: 506, 517 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

BATHYAETHIOPS Fowler, 1949 G Boden

Bathyaethiops Fowler, 1949b:247. Type species: Bathyaethiops greeni Fowler, 1949. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Microlepidalestes Hoedeman, 1951:8 (in key). Type species: Micralestes caudomaculatus Pellegrin, 1925. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Alestopetersius.

Bathyaethiops atercrinis Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012

Bathyaethiops atercrinis Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012b:478, fig. 2. Type locality: Republic of Congo, Lékoumou Province, Lékoumou River at bridge, 3°22’49.30”S, 13°15’55.01”E. Holotype: AMNH 253501.

Distribution: 532 (Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Bathyaethiops baka Moritz, Schliewen, 2016

Bathyaethiops baka Moritz, Schliewen, 2016:477, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Cameroon, Moloundou province: Ngoko River between Chûte de Cholet and Chûte de Nki (N 02°19’10”, E 14°28’15”). Holotype: ZSM 43939.

Distribution: 534 (Moritz, Schliewen, 2016).

Bathyaethiops breuseghemi (Poll, 1945)

Micralestes breuseghemi Poll, 1945:50, fig. 6. Type locality: Affl. riv. Luembe, à l’ouest de Kakonge (Kasai), Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 59191.

Distribution: 546 (Poll, 1945; Poll, 1967).

Bathyaethiops caudomaculatus (Pellegrin, 1925)

Micralestes caudomaculatus Pellegrin, 1925:101. Type locality: Ouesso (Sangha). [Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MNHN 1925-0128.

Distribution: 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 546, 548 (Pellegrin, 1925; Poll, 1967; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Decru et al., 2017.).

Bathyaethiops flammeus Moritz, Schliewen, 2016

Bathyaethiops flammeus Moritz, Schliewen, 2016:482, figs. 6–9. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Province Orientale: Bakéré river at Yambula-Bakere (N 01°42’41”, E 23°43’24”). Holotype: ZSM 43945.

Distribution: 537 (Moritz, Schliewen, 2016).

Bathyaethiops greeni Fowler, 1949

Bathyaethiops greeni Fowler, 1949b:247, figs. 19–23. Type locality: Oka, Congo system. [Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: ANSP 71877.

Distribution: 534, 537 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

BRACHYPETERSIUS Hoedeman, 1956 G Boden

Brachypetersius Hoedeman, 1956d:559. Type species: Micralestes altus Boulenger, 1899. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Phenacogrammus. Brachypetersius appeared first in Hoedeman (1951) as a subgenus of Alestopetersius; it included 2 species, but no type was established (Art. 13.3).

Brachypetersius altus (Boulenger, 1899)

Micralestes altus Boulenger, 1899b:88, Pl. 36 (fig. 5). Type locality: Bikoro, lac Tumba, district de l’Équateur, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: RMCA 806. [Designated by Poll (1967)].

Petersius nummifer Boulenger, 1920b:18. Type locality: Poko, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1919.9.10.136 (1); RMCA 8057–8058 (2).

Micralestes rochefoucauldi Fowler, 1936:256, fig. 23. Type locality: Fort Sibut, Ubangi-Shari. [Central African Republic]. Holotype: ANSP 65549.

Distribution: 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 540, 546, 647, 548 (Poll, 1967; Géry, 1996; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Brachypetersius cadwaladeri (Fowler, 1930)

Petersius cadwaladeri Fowler, 1930:30, fig. 3. Type locality: Lulua River, Belgian Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: ANSP 51748.

Micralestes massarti Poll, 1945:52, fig. 7. Type locality: Mukishi, affluent du Lomami, près de Kamina (Katanga), Congo Belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: RMCA 30804–805 (2).

Distribution: 540, 541, 542, 546 (Poll, 1967).

Brachypetersius gabonensis Poll, 1967

Brachypetersius gabonensis Poll, 1967:104, fig. 22. Type locality: P.K. 50, riv. Diala, route Lambaréné-Mouila, Gabon. Holotype: RMCA 153770.

Distribution: 532, 533 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007).

Brachypetersius huloti (Poll, 1954)

Micralestes huloti Poll, 1954:58, fig. 2. Type locality: Riv. Lomboma, Congo belge. [The type locality in the original description, “Riv. Lomboma, Congo belge”, is probably a mistake, because the locality of the holotype (RMCA 68616) as indicated in the original registers of the museum collection and in the original label is “Yangambi, riv. Losambila”. Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Vreven (2008) also used the locality on the label as the type locality of the holotype. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 68616.

Distribution: 534, 537, 539, 540, 546, 548 (Poll, 1967; Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Vreven (2008)).

Brachypetersius notospilus (Pellegrin, 1930)

Micralestes notospilus Pellegrin, 1930:197. Type locality: La Passa (Ht-Ogôoué). [Gabon]. Syntypes: MNHN 1929–0234 (5). [RMCA 20645 is sometimes indicated as paratype (or syntype), but this seems uncertain because the locality (= Congo français: Kouilou: Lali) and number of specimens do not correspond with the data in the original description].

Distribution: 532 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Brachypetersius pseudonummifer Poll, 1967

Brachypetersius pseudonummifer Poll, 1967:105, fig. 23. Type locality: Avakubi, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 2919.

Distribution: 537, 540, 541 (Kisekelwa et al., 2020; Poll, 1967).

BRYCINUS Valenciennes, 1850 G Boden, D Geelhand de Merxem

Brycinus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:157. Type species: Brycinus macrolepidotus Valenciennes, 1850. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Brachyalestes Günther, 1864:314. Type species: Myletes nurse Rüppell, 1832. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan, 1919a:333. Gender: Masculine.

Alestogrammus Hoedeman, 1956d:559. Type species: Alestes abeli Fowler, 1936. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Phenacogrammus. Alestogrammus appeared first in Hoedeman (1951) as a subgenus of Alestopetersius; it included 3 species, but no type was established (Art.13.3).

Brycinus abeli (Fowler, 1936)

Alestes abeli Fowler, 1936:255, fig. 8. Type locality: Fort Sibut, Ubangi-Shari. [Central African Republic]. Holotype: ANSP 65545.

Distribution: 535 (Fowler, 1936; Paugy, 1986; Gosse, 1968).

Brycinus affinis (Günther, 1894)

Alestes affinis Günther, 1894:90. Type locality: Merifano on the Tana River. [Kenya]. Syntypes: BMNH 1893.12.2.51–53 (3).

Distribution: 531, 564, 567, 568 (Bailey, 1969; Paugy, 1986; Seegers et al., 2003; Getahun, 2007).

Brycinus batesii (Boulenger, 1903)

Alestes batesii Boulenger, 1903a:435. Type locality: Kribi River, southern Cameroon. Syntypes: BMNH 1902.11.12.110–111 (2); BMNH 1903.7.28.140 (1).

Distribution: 533 (Boulenger, 1909a; Paugy, 1986).

Remarks: Paugy, Schaefer (2007) questioned the validity of the species by suggesting it could be a morphotype of Brycinus macrolepidotus Valenciennes, 1850.

Brycinus bimaculatus (Boulenger, 1899)

Alestes bimaculatus Boulenger, 1899b:85, Pl. 36 (fig. 3). Type locality: Kutu, lac Léopold II, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1899.9.26.92–93 (2), RMCA 792–795 (4).

Distribution: 532, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 545, 546, 547 (Pellegrin, 1928b; Poll, 1933; Paugy, 1986; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Stiassny et al., 2021a).

Brycinus brevis (Boulenger, 1903)

Alestes brevis Boulenger, 1903b:594. Type locality: Lagos and Gold Coast. [Nigeria (Lagos) and Ghana (Gold Coast)]. Syntypes: BMNH 1866.3.8.11 (1); BMNH 1903.4.24.152–153 (2); BMNH 1903.4.24.154–155 (2).

Distribution: 505, 506, 515, 516, 517 (Paugy, 1986; Dankwa et al., 1999; Paugy, 2003).

Brycinus carmesinus (Nichols, Griscom, 1917)

Alestes carmesinus Nichols, Griscom, 1917:681, fig. 5. Type locality: Zambi, Belgian Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: AMNH 6330.

Distribution: 550 (Nichols, Griscom, 1917; Paugy, 1986).

Brycinus carolinae (Paugy, Lévêque, 1981)

Alestes carolinae Paugy, Lévêque, 1981:97, fig. 1. Type locality: le Niandan à Niandan (République Populaire de Guinée). [Guinea]. Holotype: MNHN 1980-1522.

Distribution: 507 (Paugy, Lévêque, 1981; Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003).

Brycinus comptus (Roberts, Stewart, 1976)

Alestes comptus Roberts, Stewart, 1976:270, Pl. 6 (fig. a). Type locality: Lower Zaïre River, near Inga hydroelectric dam, lat. 5°31.5’S, long. 13°37.5’E. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MCZ 50506.

Distribution: 535, 537, 540, 541, 546, 548, 549 (RMCA fish collection; Roberts, Stewart, 1976; Stiassny et al., 2009; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Kisekelwa et al., 2020).

Brycinus epuluensis Decru, Vreven, Sadio, Snoeks, 2016

Brycinus epuluensis Decru, Vreven, Sadio, Snoeks, 2016:55, figs. 4, 5. Type locality: DRC: Ituri basin: Edoro River, upstream of the bridge, near the research camp at Edoro-Afarama, affluent of Epulu River, 1°33’01”N, 28°30’41”E. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 2009-029-P-0612.

Distribution: 537 (Decru et al., 2016).

Brycinus ferox (Hopson, Hopson, 1982)

Alestes ferox Hopson, Hopson, 1982:299, fig. 5.19. Type locality: 1 km west of North Island at a lake depth of 38 m, Lake Turkana. [Kenya]. Holotype: BMNH 1978.5.16.1.

Distribution: 530 (Hopson, Hopson, 1982; Seegers et al., 2003).

Brycinus fwaensis Géry, 1995

Brycinus fwaensis Géry, 1995:48, figs. 25–26. Type locality: Lake Fwa, draining into Lubi River, Kasai basin, ca 155 km east of Kananga, Kasai Occidental, Zaïre (ca 6°30’ S and 23° E). [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MHNG 2572.07.

Distribution: 546 (Géry, 1995).

Brycinus grandisquamis (Boulenger, 1899)

Alestes grandisquamis Boulenger, 1899b:85, Pl. 35 (fig. 3). Type locality: Bas-Congo, Matadi, Boma et lac Léopold II. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1887.1.13.1 (1); BMNH 1899.9.26.91 (1); RMCA 354–55 (2); RMCA 800 (1); RMCA 801 (1); RMCA 802 (1); RMCA 1195 (1).

Distribution: 532, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 540, 541, 544, 546, 547, 548, 550 (RMCA fish collection; Ibala Zamba et al., 2019; Matthes, 1964b; Poll, 1967; Paugy, 1986; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a; Van Steenberge et al., 2014; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Kisekelwa et al., 2020).

Brycinus imberi (Peters, 1852)

Alestes imberi Peters, 1852:276. Type locality: Mossambique. [Peters (1852) gave a short description of Alestes imberi, without mentioning an exact locality. However, Peters (1868a) provided more details about the locality: “Flumina Zambeze et Licuare”. Mozambique]. Lectotype: ZMB 3574. [Designated by Seegers (1996)].

Alestes fuchsii Boulenger, 1899b:83, Pl. 36 (fig. 1). Type locality: Boma (rivière des crocodiles), Stanley-Pool (région des chutes), lac Léopold II et Monsembé, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1896.3.9.22–23 (2); BMNH 1899.9.26.94 (1); BMNH 1901.12.21.25–26 (2); RMCA 796 (1); RMCA 797 (1); RMCA 798 (1); RMCA 799 (1). [It is clear that Boulenger (1899b) has seen the syntypes BMNH 1896.3.9.22–23 (2; River Congo, 50 miles south of Mangala [changed to Monsembé by Boulenger (1909)]) and BMNH 1901.12.21.25–26 (2; Monsembé) at the time of the description of Alestes fuchsii, because he mentioned specimens from Monsembé. However, they were not indicated as syntypes in Boulenger (1909), which was probably followed in later publications].

Alestes lemairii Boulenger, 1899b:84, Pl. 36 (fig. 2). Type locality: lac Moero, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1899.11.27.97 (1), RMCA 221 (1).

Alestes fuchsii var. taeniata Pellegrin, 1903:328. Type locality: Ouellé. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MNHN 1903-0291.

Alestes bequaerti Boulenger, 1920a:148. Type locality: Ituri, à Avakubi. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 14538.

Alestes curtus Boulenger, 1920b:16. Type locality: Avakubi, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 7584.

Distribution: 507, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 534, 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563, 564, 565, 576 (Boulenger, 1909a; Poll, 1953; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Paugy, 1986; Seegers, 1996; De Vos et al., 2001; Skelton, 2001; Paugy, 2003; Snoeks, 2004; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Marshall, 2011; Van Steenberge et al., 2014; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Remarks: Taxonomic uncertainties remain in Brycinus imberi, a widespread species that is morphological variable compared to other species in the genus. According to Paugy, Schaefer (2007) it is not present in the Lower Guinea Ichthyofaunal Province. According to Marshall (2011) the population that occurs in the coastal rivers of West Africa is likely to be a different species.

Brycinus jacksonii (Boulenger, 1912)

Alestes jacksonii Boulenger, 1912a:601. Type locality: Malawa River, Kavirondo, 4000 feet, Uganda. Holotype: BMNH 1912.10.15.6.

Distribution: 521 (Paugy, 1986; De Vos et al., 2001; Seegers et al., 2003; Seegers, 2008).

Brycinus kingsleyae (Günther, 1896)

Alestes kingsleyae Günther, 1896b:279, Pl. 15 (fig. B). Type locality: Ogowe River, Gaboon. Lectotype: BMNH 1896.5.5.77. [Designated by Kamdem Toham, Teugels (1997)].

Distribution: 505, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 541, 545, 546, 550 (Paugy, 1986; Kamdem Toham, Teugels, 1997; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Kullander, Roberts, 2012; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Brycinus macrolepidotus Valenciennes, 1850

Brycinus macrolepidotus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:157, Pl. 639. Type locality: Sénégal. Holotype: MNHN 0000-6335.

Alestes macrolepidotus Bilharz, 1852:469, Pl. 37. Type locality: Nil [Nile]. Syntypes: NMW (2). [No type specimens of Alestes macrolepidotus Bilharz, 1852 were found in NMW. They may have been lost or misplaced (A. Palandacic, pers. comm.)].

Alestes rutilus Boulenger, 1916:181, fig. 116. Type locality: N. Sherbo district, Sierra Leone. Syntypes: BMNH 1915.4.13.16–17 (2).

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550 (RMCA fish collection; Greenwood, 1966; Roberts, Stewart, 1976; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Paugy, 1986; Bailey, 1994; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Brycinus minutus (Hopson, Hopson, 1982)

Alestes minutus Hopson, Hopson, 1982:302, fig. 5.20. Type locality: 5 km north west of Ilaret at e [spawning site in the open lake] a lake depth of 8 m, Lake Turkana. [Kenya]. Holotype: BMNH 1978.5.16.37.

Distribution: 530 (Hopson, Hopson, 1982; Seegers et al., 2003).

Brycinus nigricauda (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1974)

Alestes nigricauda Thys van den Audenaerde, 1974:143, fig. 1. Type locality: Toyébli (6°38’N, 8°29’W) dans la rivière Nipoué ou Cess. [Ivory Coast]. Holotype: RMCA 73-10-P-1510.

Distribution: 512 (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1974; Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003).

Brycinus nurse (Rüppell, 1832)

Myletes nurse Rüppell, 1832:12, Pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type locality: Cairo, Nil. [Nile, Egypt]. Holotype: SMF 1051.

Myletes allenii Bennett, 1834:45. Type locality: Quorra River, into the interior of Africa. [Quorra River is an old name for the lower course of the Niger River]. No types known.

Myletes guilé Joannis, 1835:no page number, Pl. 9. Type locality: Thèbes, Nil. [Nile, Egypt]. Holotype: MNHN A-9717.

Chalceus guile Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:255. Type locality: Thèbes, Nil & Richardsthal, Sénégal. Syntypes: MNHN A-9767 (1); MNHN A-9768 (3). [Some authors (Bertin, 1948; Paugy, 1984) also include MNHN A-9717 as syntype, which is also the holotype of Myletes guile Joannis, 1835. The length of this specimen, MNHN A-9717, is indicated as “6 pouces”, while Valenciennes (1850) mentioned only one specimen with a length of “5 pouces et demi” from Thèbes. Most probably MNHN A-9767 should be considered as the only syntype from Thèbes for Chalceus guile Valenciennes, 1850].

Brachyalestes rüppellii Günther, 1864:315. Type locality: Chartoum, Upper Nile. [Sudan]. Syntypes: BMNH 1862.6.17.15–16 (2); BMNH 1862.6.17.154 (1).

Alestes erythropterus Pellegrin, 1907b:139. Type locality: Soubré (Bassin de la Moyenne Sassandra), Côte d’Ivoire. Syntypes: MNHN 1907-0320 (1); MNHN 1907-0321 (1).

Alestes nurse var. nana Pellegrin, 1935a:133. Type locality: Nanoropus (lac Rodolphe), altitude 565 m. [“lac Rodolphe” is an old name for Lake Turkana. Kenya]. Syntypes: MNHN 1933-0084 (7); MNHN 1933-0085 (6); MNHN 1933-0086 (7); NMBA 4888 (1).

Alestes dageti Blache, Miton, 1960:100. Type locality: Lac Tchad, zone E.-S.-E. en bordure des Ilôts-bancs (loc. Bangarom). [Chad]. Syntypes: MNHN 1959-0224 (19); CEPFL 1082–1089 (8); CEPFL 1091-1094 (4). [Original description gives both “types” (MNHN 1959-0224) and “paratypes” (CEPFL 1082–1089 and CEPFL 1091-1094), all to be treated as syntypes (See ICZN, 1999: Art. 72.1 and 73.2)].

Alestes bouboni Roman, 1973:51, fig. (p.55). Type locality: dans le Niger à Boubon, à 20 km au Nord de Niamey, République du Niger. Holotype: MH-V 436. [MH-V stands for “Musée de Haute-Volta”, now

Musée National de Burkina Faso].

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520, 522, 523, 524, 530 (Paugy, 1986; Bailey, 1994; Paugy, 2003; Seegers et al., 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007).

Brycinus opisthotaenia (Boulenger, 1903)

Alestes opisthotaenia Boulenger, 1903c:22, Pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: Kribi River and Mvile River, southern Cameroon. [In the original description, four specimens referred to as originating from the Kribi River and Mvile River were examined. However, Boulenger (1909a) specifically listed four specimens from “Kribi River” as the types. Moreover, in the BMNH collection only the four Kribi specimens are labeled as type material. Therefore, Kamdem Toham, Teugels (1997) considered that the Mvile specimen has no type status, and the type locality should be “Kribi River, southern Cameroon”]. Lectotype: BMNH 1902.11.12.109. [Designated by Kamdem Toham, Teugels (1997)].

Distribution: 505, 532, 533 (Paugy, 1986; Kamdem Toham, Teugels, 1997; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Brycinus peringueyi (Boulenger, 1923)

Alestes péringueyi Boulenger, 1923:437. Type locality: Mansa River, N. Rhodesia. [Zambia]. Holotype: SAIAB 135259.

Distribution: 544 (Boulenger, 1923; Paugy, 1986; Van Steenberge et al., 2014).

Brycinus poptae (Pellegrin, 1906)

Alestes poptae Pellegrin, 1906b:367. Type locality: Congo. Holotype: MNHN 1890-0019.

Distribution: 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 546 (David, Poll, 1937; Paugy, 1986; Ibala Zamba, 2010; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Decru et al., 2017).

Brycinus rhodopleura (Boulenger, 1906)

Alestes rhodopleura Boulenger, 1906a:547, Pl. 30 (fig. 3). Type locality: Niamkolo, Mtondwe Bay, and Lofu, Lake Tanganyika. [Zambia]. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.9.9.79 (1) Tanganyika; BMNH 1906.9.8.37 (1) Niamkolo; BMNH 1906.9.8.38 (1) Mtondwe Bay; BMNH 1906.9.8.39 (1) Lofu. [Boulenger (1909a) mentioned two specimens from Lofu as types. There is however only one specimen known from that locality in the BMNH fish collection (BMNH 1906.9.8.39). It is known that Boulenger divided type material between BMNH and RMCA, at least for some species, but no specimens from “Lofu” (or “Luvu”) of A. rhodopleura could be found in the RMCA fish collection].

Distribution: 542 (Poll, 1953; Paugy, 1986).

Brycinus schoutedeni (Boulenger, 1912)

Alestes schoutedeni Boulenger, 1912b:7, Pl. 18 (fig. 1). Type locality: la Lebuzi à Kuka Muno et Boma Vonde, Bas-Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1912.4.1.241–242 (2); BMNH 1912.4.1.243 (1); RMCA 1599 (1); RMCA 1600 (1).

Distribution: 532, 533 (David, Poll, 1937; Paugy, 1986; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Remarks: Paugy, Schaefer (2007) questioned the validity of the species by suggesting it could be a morphotype of Brycinus macrolepidotus Valenciennes, 1850. This requires confirmation, most likely with genetic studies.

Brycinus taeniurus (Günther, 1867)

Alestes taeniurus Günther, 1867:113 [5]. Type locality: Gaboon. Holotype: BMNH 1867.5.3.26.

Distribution: 532, 533 (Paugy, 1986; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Species inquirenda (Brycinus)

Petersius bahr-sarae Fowler, 1949b:245, figs. 15–18. Type locality: Bahr Sara, Shari River basin. [Chad]. Holotype: ANSP 71876. [The holotype is missing from its jar since 1970 (Böhlke, 1984)].

Remarks: Poll (1967) treated this species as a juvenile Alestes species, but he still had doubts about its generic placement. Later, Géry (1977) placed it as an unidentified Brycinus species.

BRYCONAETHIOPS Günther, 1873 G Boden

Bryconaethiops Günther, 1873:143. Type species: Bryconaethiops microstoma Günther, 1873. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Bryconaethiops boulengeri Pellegrin, 1900

Bryconaethiops boulengeri Pellegrin, 1900:101. Type locality: Adoumas (Ogooué), Congo français. [The holotype is the only specimen known to date from the Ogowe River basin; therefore, the origin of the holotype is questioned (Ibala Zamba et al., 2007). Gabon]. Holotype: MNHN 1886-0356.

Distribution: 532, 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544, 545, 546 (Pellegrin, 1900; Ibala Zamba et al., 2007; Poll, 1953; Ricardo-Bertram, 1943; Matthes, 1964b; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Pellegrin, 1935b; Gosse, 1963; Van Steenberge et al., 2014; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Bryconaethiops macrops Boulenger, 1920

Bryconaethiops macrops Boulenger, 1920b:15, fig. 6. Type locality: Bafwasende, Avakubi, Bosabangi et Fundi, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1919.9.10.100 (1); BMNH 1919.9.10.101 (1); RMCA 7223 (1); RMCA 7225 (1); RMCA 7226 (1); RMCA 7227 (1); RMCA 7228 (1); RMCA 7229 (1); RMCA 7340 (1). [The original description of this species is based on 4 specimens from Bafwasende, 4 specimens from Avakubi, 2 specimens from Bosabangi and 8 specimens from Fundi. This is not in correspondence with the type-listings in the museum records of BMNH and RMCA. However, RMCA 7673–7678 (5 + 1 in exchange with IFAN, Dakar), with locality “Fundi”, is from the same collection as the syntypes but those specimens are not indicated as syntypes in the museum records].

Distribution: 532, 533, 535, 536, 537, 540, 541, 546, 548, 550 (Boulenger, 1920b; Ibala Zamba et al., 2007; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Kisekelwa et al., 2020).

Bryconaethiops microstoma Günther, 1873

Bryconaethiops microstoma Günther, 1873:143. Type locality: River Congo, Angola. Syntypes: BMNH 1873.7.28.25–26 (2).

Brachyalestes mocquardianus Thominot, 1886:167. Type locality: San-Benito. [Equatorial Guinea]. Holotype: MNHN 1885-0428.

Bryconaethiops microstoma var. habereri Steindachner, 1913:13, Pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: Dscha, eines sekundären Nebenflusses des Kongo, im Bezirke Molundu, Kamerun. [Cameroon]. Holotype: NMW 62749.

Distribution: 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 543, 546, 548, 550 (Ibala Zamba et al., 2019; Ibala Zamba et al., 2007; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Poll, 1967; Gosse, 1968; De Vos et al., 2001; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Bryconaethiops quinquesquamae Teugels, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1990

Bryconaethiops quinquesquamae Teugels, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1990:208, fig. 2. Type locality: Cross river near Mamfe town (5°46’N, 9°17’E), Cameroon. Holotype: RMCA 73-40-P-28.

Distribution: 506, 518, 533 (Teugels, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1990; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Paugy, 2003).

Bryconaethiops yseuxi Boulenger, 1899

Bryconaethiops yseuxi Boulenger, 1899b:82, Pl. 37 (fig. 2). Type locality: Haut-Congo. [The type locality “Haut-Congo” is an old term for all localities situated on the Congo River basin above Matadi (05°49’S, 13°27’E)]. Holotype: BMNH 1899.6.27.38.

Distribution: 548, 549 (Ibala Zamba et al., 2007; Roberts, Stewart, 1976).

BRYCONALESTES Hoedeman, 1951 G Boden, E Derijst

Alestobrycon Hoedeman, 1951:3 (in key). Type species: Alestes intermedius Boulenger, 1903. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Bryconalestes Hoedeman, 1951:4 (in key). Type species: Brachyalestes longipinnis Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: This genus corresponds to the ‘Brycinus longipinnis’ group as defined by Paugy (1986), which was placed in the genus Bryconalestes by Zanata, Vari (2005). They explicitly mention the species B. longipinnis, B. derhami and B. intermedius as belonging to this group, of which the last one is also the type species of the genus Alestobrycon (not mentioned by Zanata, Vari (2005)). Both genera were described by Hoedeman (1951) in a key in the same publication. Alestobrycon is indicated as a new genus with type species Alestes intermedius Boulenger, 1903 on page 3. Bryconalestes is indicated as a new genus with type species Brachyalestes longipinnis Günther, 1864 on page 4. Zanata, Vari (2005) have placed both species in the same group for which they utilise the genus Bryconalestes. The revalidation of Bryconalestes by Zanata, Vari (2005) cannot be regarded as an act of the first reviser, because they did not cite Alestobrycon, or mentioned any act of selection (ICZN,1999: Art. 24.2.1. Statement of the Principle of the First Reviser. When the precedence between names or nomenclatural acts cannot be objectively determined, the precedence is fixed by the action of the first author citing in a published work those names or acts and selecting from them; this author is termed the “First Reviser”). Here we act as the first reviser and treat Bryconalestes as a valid genus.

Bryconalestes bartoni (Nichols, La Monte, 1953)

Alestes bartoni Nichols, La Monte, 1953:1, fig. 1. Type locality: Mouila, Ogowe Valley, Gaboon, Africa. Holotype: AMNH 19654.

Distribution: 532 (Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Bryconalestes derhami (Géry, Mahnert, 1977)

Brycinus derhami Géry, Mahnert, 1977:618, Pl. 1 (figs. 1–3). Type locality: la Néro vers le Mont Klon, approximativement à 5°11’N, 7°12’W., sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. [Ivory Coast]. Holotype: MHNG 1183.06.

Distribution: 512 (Géry, Mahnert, 1977; Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003).

Bryconalestes humilis (Boulenger, 1905)

Alestes humilis Boulenger, 1905:458. Type locality: Quanza River, Angola. Holotype: BMNH 1905.5.29.66.

Distribution: 546,551, 555, 569 (Skelton, 2019; Poll, 1967; Paugy, 1986).

Bryconalestes intermedius (Boulenger, 1903)

Alestes intermedius Boulenger, 1903c:22, Pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: Kribi River, southern Cameroon. Syntypes: BMNH 1902.11.12.106–108 (3).

Distribution: 506, 518, 532, 533 (Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007).

Bryconalestes lateralis (Boulenger, 1900)

Alestes lateralis Boulenger, 1900b:130, Pl. 48 (fig. 2). Type locality: lac Dilolo (Katanga), Congo. [Bell-Cross (1965) reported that the type locality of Alestes lateralis, “Lake Dilolo (Katanga)”, is actually not in Katanga but situated on a tributary of the Upper Zambezi River in Angola at approximately 22°01’E., 11°32’ S]. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.12.13.25 (1); RMCA 384 (1); RMCA 385 (1); RMCA 386 (1); RMCA 387 (1); RMCA 388 (1).

Alestes natalensis Boulenger, 1904a:155. Type locality: near Durban, Natal. [South Africa]. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1904.6.28.33 (1). [In the original description two specimens are mentioned from the type locality, but only one specimen can be found in the BMNH collection (BMNH 1904.6.28.33). It is known that Boulenger divided type material between BMNH and RMCA at least for some species. However, no specimens of Alestes natalensis from Durban could be found in the RMCA collection].

Alestes langi Fowler, 1935:258, fig. 4. Type locality: Thamalakane River at Maun. [Botswana]. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 30015.

Alestes thamalakanensis Fowler, 1935:257, fig. 3. Type locality: Thamalakane River at Maun. [Botswana]. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 30016.

Distribution: 544, 545, 546, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563, 569, 570, 576 (Poll, 1933; Crass, 1960; Bell-Cross, 1965; van der Waal, Skelton, 1984; Paugy, 1986; Hay et al., 1999; Skelton, 2001; Marshall, 2011).

Bryconalestes leuciscus (Günther, 1867)

Alestes leuciscus Günther, 1867:114 [5]. Type locality: West Africa (purchased of a dealer). [Boulenger (1909a) gave “Niger” as the type locality which was followed by Paugy (1986)]. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.1.20.16–17 (2).

Alestes (Brachyalestes) senegalensis Steindachner, 1870:545 [13], Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Senegal. Syntypes: (many) BMNH 1891.5.26.17–18 (2); NMW 13375–432 (58), 14222–26 (5), 66741 (2), 66774 to 66788 (4, 4, 2, 7, 5, 2, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 7, 4, 4, 5), 66790 to 66816 (4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 2, 4, 120), 66824 (5), 67146 to 67147 (3, 10), 69610 (182), 75895 (5); ZMH 1799 (1), 1800 (1). The name Alestes nurse senegalensis proposed by Holly 1928 was not described as a new species, but is a new combination of an existing name [Alestes (Brachyalestes) senegalensis Steindachner, 1870]. After examination of the type specimens of Alestes (Brachyalestes) senegalensis, Holly (1928b) placed it as a subspecies of Alestes nurse Rüppell, 1832, an action which was erroneously treated as the description of a new subspecies by Paugy (1984).

Alestes nurse albolineatus Holly, 1928a:312, fig. 1. Type locality: Senegal. Syntypes: NMW 13113–13133 (21); NMW 13134–13135 (2). [NMW 13113–13133 (21) is indicated as “Cotype” on the original label and NMW 13134–13135 (2) is indicated as “Type” on the original label. The original publication mentioned 23 specimens, so all are syntypes. Also see Bogutskaya et al. (2022)].

Alestes nigrilineatus Svensson, 1933:53, Pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: swamps during rainy season, Gambia River, British West Africa. [Gambia]. Syntypes: (4) NRM 10222 (3). [According to the original description 4 specimens were collected, but only 3 are registered at the NRM. At least one specimen is stated to be collected from another locality (i.e., Faraba creek) on 1 August 1931].

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 516 (RMCA fish collection; Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003).

Bryconalestes longipinnis (Günther, 1864)

Brachyalestes longipinnis Günther, 1864:315. Type locality: West Africa: Sierra Leone; River Congo. Syntypes: BMNH 1862.11.15.7 (1); BMNH 1864.3.16.2–7 (6). [The original description of this species was based on 8 specimens; until now we were not able to trace the whereabouts of the young specimen purchased of Mr. Damon from “West Africa”].

Alestes chaperi Sauvage, 1882:320, Pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type locality: Efirou, rivière Cania, territoire d’Assinie, Côte-d’Or. [Ghana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1882.5.12.2–4 (3); BMNH 1883.7.4.88–90 (3); MNHN A-4418 (4); MNHN A-4419 (6); MNHN A-4420 (3); MNHN A-4523 (3).

Brycinus longipinnis bagbeensis Géry, Mahnert, 1977:627, Pl. 3 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: Bagbe River, Sierra Leone. Holotype: BMNH 1932.5.18.6 (96 mm SL).

Distribution: 506, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 532, 533, 550 (Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, 1986; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Bryconalestes luteus (Roman, 1966)

Alestes luteus Roman, 1966:63, Pl. 2 (figs. 3–4). Type locality: dans le Kou, affluent de la Volta Noire, à 30 km au Nord de Bobo-Dioulasso. [Burkina Faso]. Holotype: RMCA 141127.

Distribution: 516 (Roman, 1966; Paugy, 1986; Paugy, 2003).

Bryconalestes sadleri (Boulenger, 1906)

Alestes sadleri Boulenger, 1906b:435. Type locality: Entebbe, Lake Victoria. [Uganda]. Lectotype: BMNH 1906.5.30.105. [Designated by Seegers (1996)].

Micralestes lerneri Nichols, LaMonte, 1938:1, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Lake Victoria, Africa. Holotype: AMNH 13736.

Distribution: 521, 543, 565 (Paugy, 1986; Seegers, 1996; De Vos et al., 2001; De Vos et al., 2001; Seegers et al., 2003).

Bryconalestes tessmanni (Pappenheim, 1911)

Alestes tessmanni Pappenheim, 1911:510, fig. 1. Type locality: beim Bimfille. [Equatorial Guinea]. Holotype: ZMB 18376. [Pappenheim (1911) mentioned four specimens in the original description, of which the largest (12.8 cm length) [ZMB 18376] is indicated as “Type”.

Distribution: 533 (Paugy, 1986; Zarske, 2011b).

Bryconalestes tholloni (Pellegrin, 1901)

Alestes tholloni Pellegrin, 1901:329. Type locality: Congo français. [Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: MNHN 1890-0021 (1); MNHN 1890-0022 (1).

Distribution: 532 (Paugy, 1986; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

CLUPEOCHARAX Pellegrin, 1926 G Boden

Clupeocharax Pellegrin, 1926:159. Type species: Clupeocharax schoutedeni Pellegrin, 1926. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Clupeopetersius Pellegrin, 1928a:82. Type species: Clupeocharax schoutedeni Pellegrin, 1926. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Unneeded replacement for Clupeocharax Pellegrin, 1926, not preoccupied by Clupeacharax Pearson, 1924 in fishes.

Clupeocharax schoutedeni Pellegrin, 1926

Clupeocharax schoutedeni Pellegrin, 1926:159. Type locality: Tondu, Congo Belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 19699.

Distribution: 537, 538, 539, 546 (Pellegrin, 1926; Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Stiassny et al., 2021a).

HEMIGRAMMOPETERSIUS Pellegrin, 1926 G Boden

Hemigrammopetersius Pellegrin, 1926:158. Type species: Petersius pulcher Boulenger, 1909. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Type designated by Burton in Zoological Record for 1926.

Hemigrammopetersius barnardi (Herre, 1936)

Petersius barnardi Herre, 1936:100. Type locality: Roadside ditches about 12 kilometers from Beira, Portuguese East Africa. [Mozambique]. Holotype: SU 31521 (mixed among paratypes). [The holotype was mixed in with the paratypes and now it cannot be determined with certainty; however, 3 specimens have been segregated in a vial inside the bottle; these are the specimens that most closely resemble the holotype and therefore one of them probably is the holotype (Böhlke, 1953b)].

Distribution: 559, 561, 562, 564, 576 (Herre, 1936; Skelton, 2001).

Hemigrammopetersius pulcher (Boulenger, 1909)

Petersius pulcher Boulenger, 1909a:237, fig. 180. Type locality: Ja River (Congo System) at Bitye, South Cameroon. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.4.29.48–49 (2).

Distribution: 533, 534 (Poll, 1967; Amiet, Nzeyimana, 1990).

HYDROCYNUS Cuvier, 1816 G Boden

Hydrocynus Cuvier, 1816:167. Type species: Hydrocynus forskahlii Cuvier, 1819. Type by subsequent designation by Agassiz in Spix, Agassiz (1829). Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Some authors place Hydrocynus lucius Cuvier, 1816as type species of Hydrocynus. This is based on a subsequent designation by Eigenmann (1910) and the thought that Hydrocynus forskahlii Cuvier, 1819 was originally not included in the genus description. Hydrocynus forskahlii was described for the misidentification of Cyprinus dentex Linnaeus, 1758 (= Salmo dentex Hasselquist, 1762, unavailable name) by Forsskahl (1775), and known by the vernacular name ‘roschal’. This ‘roschal’ was included in the species list of Hydrocynus by Cuvier (1816). Moreover, Hydrocynus lucius, now known as Boulengerella lucius, is a South American species. Here we follow the decision to use Hydrocynus forskahlii as type species as first designated by Agassiz in Spix, Agassiz (1829), a species with distribution in Africa.

Hydrocyon Cuvier, 1819:353. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Not intended as a new genus description, refers to the description of Hydrocynus Cuvier, 1816, and can be regarded as an incorrect subsequent spelling.

Hydrocionichthys Travassos, 1952:142. Type species: Hydrocynus forskahlii Cuvier, 1819. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Hydrocynus brevis Günther, 1864

Hydrocyon brevis Günther, 1864:351. Type locality: Chartoum, Upper Nile. [Sudan]. Lectotype: BMNH 1862.6.17.94. [Designated by Brewster (1986)].

Hydrocyon somonorum Daget, 1954:116, fig. 34. Type locality: Kolenzé, Diafarabé et Dia bozo, Niger supérieur. [Mali]. Syntypes: MNHN (8) (lost). [The types of Hydrocyon somonorum are no longer extant (Brewster, 1986)].

Distribution: 505, 507, 508, 509, 516, 520, 522, 523, 524 (Paugy, Guégan, 1989; Paugy, 2003).

Hydrocynus forskahlii Cuvier, 1819

Hydrocyon forskahlii Cuvier, 1819:354, Pl. 28 (fig. 1). Type locality: Nil, Egypte. [Nile, Egypt]. Holotype: MNHN 0000-1691.

Salmo roschal Walbaum, 1792:81. Type locality: Nilus [Nile]. No types known. Reversal of priority in favor of Hydrocyon forskahlii Cuvier, 1819 discussed by Fricke, 2008:18.

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 522, 523, 524, 525, 530, 533, 534, 535, 536, 548, 549, 550 (Ibala Zamba et al., 2019; Paugy, Guégan, 1989; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Seegers et al., 2003).

Hydrocynus goliath Boulenger, 1898

Hydrocyon goliath Boulenger, 1898b:23, Pl. 11. Type locality: Bief de Manyanga, Léopoldville et Umangi (Haut-Congo), Congo. [Lectotype from: “Manyanga, Belgian Congo”. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: BMNH 1898.11.17.4. [Designated by Brewster (1986)].

Hydrocyon vittatus Boulenger, 1898b:24, Pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality: Umangi, Upoto et Manyanga. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.17.5 (1); RMCA 149 (1); RMCA 165 (1). Preoccupied by Hydrocinus vittatus Castelnau, 1861, replaced by Hydrocyon vittiger Boulenger, 1907.

Hydrocyon vittiger Boulenger, 1907c:106. Type locality: Umangi, Upoto et Manyanga. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.17.5 (1); RMCA 149 (1); RMCA 165 (1). Replacement for Hydrocyon vittatus Boulenger, 1898.

Distribution: 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550 (Brewster, 1986; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Matthes, 1964b; Coulter, 1966).

Hydrocynus tanzaniae Brewster, 1986

Hydrocynus tanzaniae Brewster, 1986:199, fig. 30. Type locality: Lower Ruvu River, Tanzania. Holotype: BMNH 1976.10.21.130.

Distribution: 564 (Brewster, 1986).

Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861

Hydrocinus vittatus Castelnau, 1861:65. Type locality: lac N’gami, Afrique australe. [Type locality of neotype is “Kavango: Okavango River, Rundu 17°54’S, 19°46’E”. Namibia]. Neotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 22228. [The original type specimens are lost (Boulenger, 1907c); neotype designated by Paugy, Guégan (1989)].

Hydrocyon lineatus Schlegel, in Bleeker, 1863:125. Type locality: Guinea (Ashantee). [The locality “Guinea” as used in the original description refers probably to “Gulf of Guinea”; “Ashantee” was the name of an old kingdom located in present Ghana]. Holotype: RMNH 3249.

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520, 522, 523, 525, 530, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550, 555, 556, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 569, 570, 576 (Paugy, Guégan, 1989; Skelton, 2001; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Seegers et al., 2003; Seegers, 1996; De Vos et al., 2001; Van Steenberge et al., 2014; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Marshall, 2011; Kisekelwa et al., 2020).

LADIGESIA Géry, 1968 G Boden

Ladigesia Géry, 1968:78. Type species: Ladigesia roloffi Géry, 1968. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Ladigesia roloffi Géry, 1968

Ladigesia roloffi Géry, 1968:83, fig. 5. Type locality: Kasewe Forest, Sierra Leone (West Africa). Holotype: ZMH 4270.

Distribution: 511 (Paugy, 2003).

LEPIDARCHUS Roberts, 1966 G Boden

Lepidarchus Roberts, 1966:209. Type species: Lepidarchus adonis Roberts, 1966. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Lepidarchus adonis Roberts, 1966

Lepidarchus adonis Roberts, 1966:210, figs. 10–11. Type locality: a small stream a mile and a half east of Mpataba on the road to Half-Assini, Ghana, at approximately 5°5’N, 2°35’W. Holotype: SU 63546.

Lepidarchus adonis signifer Isbrücker, 1970:135, figs. 3–4. Type locality: Africa, Liberia: about 50 miles southeast of Monrovia, southeast of Robertsfield airfield, in a small creek in a swampy area, at approximately 06°12’ N, 10°20’W. Holotype: ZMA 110208.

Distribution: 511, 512, 514, 515 (Roberts, 1966; Paugy, 2003; Isbrücker, 1970).

MICRALESTES Boulenger, 1899 G Boden

Micralestes Boulenger, 1899b:86. Type species: Micralestes humilis Boulenger, 1899. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan (1920). Gender: Masculine.

Virilia Roberts, 1967:253. Type species: Phenacogrammus pabrensis Roman, 1966. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Placed in synonymy of Micralestes by Paugy (1990), and confirmed in Paugy (2003).

Micralestes acutidens (Peters, 1852)

Alestes acutidens Peters, 1852:276. Type locality: Mossambique. [Mozambique]. Syntypes: BMNH 1861.3.10.3–4 (2, now 1); ZMB 3576 (3); ZMB 3577 (2); ZMB 23579 (7); ZMB 23582 (18); ZMB 31539 (1).

Petersius neglectus Boulenger, 1920b:18. Type locality: Poko, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 8064.

Micralestes luluae Fowler, 1930:29, fig. 2. Type locality: Lulua River, Belgian Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: ANSP 51715.

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 518, 520, 522, 523, 530, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 545, 546, 548, 549, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 560, 561, 563, 564, 569, 576 (Poll, 1967; Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007; Skelton, 2001; Roberts, Stewart, 1976; Hay et al., 1999; Banister, Bailey, 1979; Marshall, 2011; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007).

Micralestes ambiguus Géry, 1995

Micralestes ambiguus Géry, 1995:50, fig. 29. Type locality: Zaïre, Equateur Province, basin of the Oubangui, 1 km west of Bari River, a tributary of the Lua River, 63 km W of Gemena. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: MHNG 2572.08.

Distribution: 535 (Géry, 1995).

Micralestes argyrotaenia Trewavas, 1936

Micralestes argyrotaenia Trewavas, 1936:65, Pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type locality: an upper reach of the Cunene River, Angola. Syntypes: BMNH 1935.3.20.65–70 (6).

Distribution: 555 (Poll, 1967).

Micralestes comoensis Poll, Roman, 1967

Micralestes comoensis Poll, Roman, 1967:179, figs. 1–2. Type locality: dans la Comoé, au bas des cascades près de la route de Bobo-Dioulasso à Abidjan, à 68 km au sud de Bobo-Dioulasso. [Burkina Faso]. Holotype: RMCA 141924.

Distribution: 514 (Poll, Roman, 1967; Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Micralestes congicus Poll, 1967

Micralestes congicus Poll, 1967:44, fig. 5. Type locality: Bokuma, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 96582.

Distribution: 537 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Micralestes eburneensis Daget, 1965

Micralestes eburneensis Daget, 1965:590. Type locality: le Cavally près Toulépleu, Côte d’Ivoire. Holotype: MNHN 1964-0270.

Distribution: 512, 514 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Micralestes elongatus Daget, 1957

Micralestes acutidens elongatus Daget, 1957:126, fig. 11 (bottom). Type locality: Bougouri-Ba, pont de la route de Léo, Haute-Volta. [Burkina Faso]. Holotype: MNHN 1956-0106.

Micralestes brevianalis Blache, Miton, 1960:101. Type locality: Lac Tchad (zone E. S.-E. en bordure des Îlots-bancs: loc. Bangarom), Mayo-Kébbi (zone supérieure des Chutes Gauthiot), Taf-Taf (Bas Chari) et Mayo-Kebbi (loc. Mbourao). [Chad]. Syntypes: MNHN 1959-0231 (59, now 16); MNHN 1959-0236 (5, now 1); MNHN 1987-2108 (2); CEPFL 9 (1); CEPFL 839 (1). [Original description gives both “types” (MNHN 1959-0231) and “paratypes” (MNHN 1959-0236, CEPFL 9 and CEPFL 839), all to be treated as syntypes (See ICZN,1999: Art. 72.1 and 73.2). 2 specimens of MNHN 1959-0236 were donated to J. Géry in 1972].

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 514, 516, 517, 518, 520, 530 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Seegers et al., 2003).

Micralestes fodori Matthes, 1965

Micralestes fodori Matthes, 1965:178, fig. 1. Type locality: lac Fwa, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 140901.

Distribution: 546 (Matthes, 1965; Poll, 1967).

Micralestes holargyreus (Günther, 1873)

Alestes holargyreus Günther, 1873:144. Type locality: River Congo, Angola. Syntypes: BMNH 1873.7.28.19–23 (5).

Alestes brevipinnis Perugia, 1892:975 [9]. Type locality: Vivi, fiume Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: MSNG 9248 (8), NMW 1603 (1).

Distribution: 550 (Poll, 1967; Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007).

Micralestes humilis Boulenger, 1899

Micralestes humilis Boulenger, 1899b:87, Pl. 36 (fig. 4). Type locality: Kutu, lac Léopold II, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 805.

Petersius woosnami Boulenger, 1907b:487. Type locality: Aruwimi, in the Congo Forest. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.4.20.35–36 (2).

Micralestes sardina Poll, 1938:411, fig. 12. Type locality: Kandulu, près de Sakania, affl. de la riv. Luembe. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: RMCA 50040. [Designated by Poll (1967)]. Synonymy proposed by Decru et al. (2017:238).

Distribution: 505, 506, 518, 520, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Roberts, Stewart, 1976; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Decru et al., 2017; Kisekelwa et al., 2020).

Micralestes lualabae Poll, 1967

Micralestes lualabae Poll, 1967:44, fig. 6. Type locality: Kindu, riv. Lualaba, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 70201.

Distribution: 535, 537, 539, 540, 545, 549 (Poll, 1967; Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007; Banister, Bailey, 1979).

Micralestes occidentalis (Günther, 1899)

Petersius occidentalis Günther, 1899:731, Pl. 45 (fig. B). Type locality: Kotchwah River, Gold Coast. [Ghana]. Syntypes: (6) BMNH 1899.12.22.32–36 (5).

Micralestes voltae Roman, 1966:67, Pl. 3 (figs. 5–6). Type locality: Niamé, ruisseau qui se déverse dans le Kou, affluent de la Volta Noire, à environ 20 km de Bobo-Dioulasso. [Burkina Faso]. Holotype: RMCA 141158.

Distribution: 506, 507, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Micralestes pabrensis (Roman, 1966)

Phenacogrammus pabrensis Roman, 1966: 71, Pl. 4 (figs. 7, 8). Type locality: dans la retenue d’eau de Pabré, bassin de la Volta Blanche, à 22 km au N-E de Ouagadougou. [Burkina Faso]. Holotype: RMCA 141261.

Distribution: 516 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Micralestes schelly Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007

Micralestes schelly Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007:21, figs. 5, 6. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Bas Congo Province, Congo River main channel near Inga at point 50 (5°31.69 S 13°36.47 E). Holotype: AMNH 240662.

Distribution: 549 (Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007).

Micralestes stormsi Boulenger, 1902

Micralestes stormsi Boulenger, 1902b:265, Pl. 28 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: Lindi River, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1902.4.14.28–31 (4), IRSNB 8 (21), MSNM 3 (1).

Alestes stolatus Boulenger, 1920b:17. Type locality: Poko, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1919.9.10.115 (1); RMCA 8050 (2).

Distribution: 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550 (Poll, 1967; Stiassny, Mamonekene, 2007; Banister, Bailey, 1979; De Vos et al., 2001).

Micralestes vittatus (Boulenger, 1917)

Alestes vittatus Boulenger, 1917:363. Type locality: Lufuko River at Pala, Lake Tanganyika. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: BMNH 1920.5.25.32–33 (2); RMCA 11547–548 (2); RMCA 14323 (1); RMCA 14324 (1).

Distribution: 542 (Poll, 1967).

NANNOPETERSIUS Hoedeman, 1956 G Boden

Nannopetersius Hoedeman, 1956d:560. Type species: Petersius ansorgii Boulenger, 1910. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Phenacogrammus. Nannopetersius appeared first in Hoedeman (1951) as a subgenus of Alestopetersius it included two species but no type was established (Art. 13.3).

Nannopetersius ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910)

Petersius ansorgii Boulenger, 1910:543. Type locality: Bengo River at Cabiri and Lake Kilunda, Angola. Lectotype: BMNH 1910.11.28.71 (65 mm, male). [Designated by Poll (1967)].

Petersius ubalo Boulenger, 1910:544. Type locality: Lakes Rumango and Kilunda, Angola. Syntypes: ANSP 37917–37922 (7); BMNH 1910.11.28.87–92 (6); BMNH 1910.11.28.93–100 (8); ZMB 18208 (7).

Distribution: 532, 533, 550, 551 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Nannopetersius lamberti Poll, 1967

Nannopetersius lamberti Poll, 1967:118, fig. 26. Type locality: P.K. 98, Pointe Noire, Sunda (Rép. Congo-Brazzaville). [Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 153760.

Distribution: 532, 533 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Nannopetersius mutambuei Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Vreven, 2008

Nannopetersius mutambuei Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Vreven, 2008:369, fig. 2. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Lower-Congo: Ngufu River, tributary of Inkisi River, at bridge Luangu village, Kavuaya village, 5°04’44.2”S 15°07’51.0”E. Holotype: RMCA 2006-007-P-0222.

Distribution: 550 (Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Vreven, 2008).

PETERSIUS Hilgendorf, 1894 G Boden

Petersius Hilgendorf, 1894:172. Type species: Petersius conserialis Hilgendorf, 1894. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: Systematic review by (Melo, Stiassny, 2022).

Petersius conserialis Hilgendorf, 1894

Petersius conserialis Hilgendorf, 1894:173. Type locality: Kinganiflusse in Deutsch-Ostafrika. [The type locality as indicated on the labels is more detailed as “Kingani River at Dunda”. Tanzania]. Syntypes: FMNH 54287 (1), ZMB 13535 (4) (Melo, Stiassny, 2022).

Distribution: 564 (Poll, 1967; Melo, Stiassny, 2022).

Remarks: Species redescribed by Melo, Stiassny, 2022.

PHENACOGRAMMUS Eigenmann, 1907 G Boden

Phenacogrammus Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:30. Type species: Micralestes interruptus Boulenger, 1899. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Hemigrammalestes Pellegrin, 1926:158. Type species: Micralestes urotaenia Boulenger, 1909. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Type designated first by Burton in Zoological Record for 1926.

Phenacogrammus aurantiacus (Pellegrin, 1930)

Hemigrammopetersius aurantiacus Pellegrin, 1930:206. Type locality: Sangha, affluent de droite du Congo. [Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: MNHN 1929-0244 (14, now 13); MNHN 2011-0171 (1).

Hemigrammopetersius trilobatus Pellegrin, 1931:207. Type locality: Lali, tributaire du Kouilou. [Republic of the Congo]. Syntypes: MNHN 1930-0249 (4, now 3); MNHN 1930-0250 (2); MNHN 2011-0170 (1).

Phenacogrammus heterodontus Poll, 1945:56, fig. 9. Type locality: Kunungu, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 44610.

Distribution: 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 546 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011; Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

Phenacogrammus concolor Stiassny, Alter, Monsembula Iyaba, Liyandja, 2021

Phenacogrammus concolor Stiassny, Alter, Monsembula Iyaba, Liyandja, 2021:14, figs. 1B, 6. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Mai-Ndombe Province, Ndzaa River (02°58’25.08”S, 18°7’55.26”E). Holotype: AMNH 274786.

Distribution: 546 (Stiassny et al., 2021b).

Phenacogrammus deheyni Poll, 1945

Phenacogrammus deheyni Poll, 1945:54, fig. 8. Type locality: Mumbia, Territ. de Lisala, Congo belge. [Type localities of paratypes also include: “Kunungu, Congo belge”, “Mistandunga, fl. Congo, Congo belge” and “Bolobo, Congo belge”. Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 57789.

Distribution: 535, 537, 539 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Phenacogrammus flexus Stiassny, Alter, Monsembula Iyaba, Liyandja, 2021

Phenacogrammus flexus Stiassny, Alter, Monsembula Iyaba, Liyandja, 2021:10, figs. 1A, 5. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, Mai-Ndombe Province, Ndzaa River (02°58’25.08”S, 18°7’55.26”E). Holotype: AMNH 274785.

Distribution: 546 (Stiassny et al., 2021b).

Phenacogrammus interruptus (Boulenger, 1899)

Micralestes interruptus Boulenger, 1899b:88, Pl. 36 (fig. 6). Type locality: Stanley Pool, Congo. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Lectotype: RMCA 817. [Designated by Poll (1967)].

Distribution: 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 546, 548 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013; Mbimbi Mayi Munene, Stiassny, 2011).

Phenacogrammus major (Boulenger, 1903)

Petersius major Boulenger, 1903a:436. Type locality: Ja River, southern Cameroon. Syntypes: BMNH 1903.7.28.221–222 (2).

Distribution: 505, 533, 534 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007; Amiet, Nzeyimana, 1990).

Phenacogrammus polli Lambert, 1961

Phenacogrammus polli Lambert, 1961:17, Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: riv. Lomela à Lomela, Congo Belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 125500.

Distribution: 537, 540 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Phenacogrammus stigmatura (Fowler, 1936)

Micralestes stigmatura Fowler, 1936:257, fig. 9. Type locality: Thirty kilometers east of Kribi, Cameroons. [Cameroon]. Holotype: ANSP 65552. [Holotype incorrectly published as ANSP 65551 in Fowler (1936)].

Distribution: 533 (Poll, 1967).

Phenacogrammus urotaenia (Boulenger, 1909)

Micralestes urotaenia Boulenger, 1909a:228, fig. 172. Type locality: Kribi R. at Efulen, south Cameroon. Syntypes: BMNH 1903.7.28.136–139 (4).

Distribution: 532, 533 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007, Mamonekene, Stiassny, 2012a).

RHABDALESTES Hoedeman, 1951 G Boden

Rhabdalestes Hoedeman, 1951:6 (in key). Type species: Petersius tangensis Lönnberg, 1907. Type by monotypy (one species, two subspecies); nominate subspecies is type. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Micralestes.

Rhabdalestes aeratis Stiassny, Schaefer, 2005

Rhabdalestes aeratis Stiassny, Schaefer, 2005: 273, fig. 1. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: main channel outlet from Lake Tumba near Irebu, 0°35.84’S, 17°46.96’E. Holotype: AMNH 235767.

Distribution: 538, 546 (Stiassny et al., 2021a; Stiassny, Schaefer, 2005).

Rhabdalestes brevidorsalis (Pellegrin, 1921)

Petersius brevidorsalis Pellegrin, 1921:49. Type locality: Fort-Crampel (Gribingui). [Central African Republic]. Syntypes: MNHN 1921-0010 (2).

Distribution: 505, 520 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003).

Rhabdalestes maunensis (Fowler, 1935)

Petersius maunensis Fowler, 1935:259, fig. 5. Type locality: Thamalakane River at Maun. [Botswana]. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 30004.

Distribution: 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 569 (Poll, 1967; Skelton, 2001; Hay et al., 1999; Marshall, 2011).

Rhabdalestes rhodesiensis (Ricardo-Bertram, 1943)

Petersius rhodesiensis Ricardo-Bertram, 1943:201. Type locality: Chambezi River, the swamps and the edge of Lake Bangweulu, Northern Rhodesia. [Zambia]. Syntypes: BMNH 1943.4.27.142–145 (4).

Distribution: 544, 545 (Poll, 1967; Skelton, 2001; Van Steenberge et al., 2014).

Rhabdalestes septentrionalis (Boulenger, 1911)

Petersius septentrionalis Boulenger, 1911a:373. Type locality: Geba and Culufi Rivers, Portuguese Guinea. [Guinea-Bissau]. Syntypes: BMNH 1912.4.1.44–49 (6, now 5); RMCA 7093 (1); ZMB 18441 (6). [Type status uncertain for MCZ 31506 (1) Portuguese Guinea].

Petersius loennbergi Svensson, 1933: 57, Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: swamps, Gambia River, British West Africa. [Gambia]. Syntypes: NRM 10229 (4); NRM 13920 (2); NRM 14347 (17); NRM 14400 (2); NRM 14401 (2); NRM 14402 (1); NRM 14403 (29); NRM 14404 (8).

Petersius intermedius Blache, Miton, 1960:103. Type locality: Lac Tchad (zone E. S.-E. en bordure des Îlots-bancs: loc. Bangarom). [Chad]. Syntypes: MNHN 1959-0228 (5, now 4); RMCA 154724 (1); CEPFL 1838–1847 (10); CEPFL 1859–1863 (5); CEPFL no number (16). [Original description gives both “types” (MNHN 1959-0228) and “paratypes” (CEPFL 1838–1847, CEPFL 1859–1863 and 16 unregistrated CEPFL specimens), all to be treated as syntypes (See ICZN, 1999: Art. 72.1 and 73.2)].

Distribution: 505, 506, 507, 509, 510, 511, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520 (Poll, 1967; Paugy, 2003; Paugy, Schaefer, 2007).

Rhabdalestes tangensis (Lönnberg, 1907)

Petersius tangensis Lönnberg, 1907:2. Type locality: a pool on inundated ground at Tanga. [Tanzania]. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.12.20.1–2 (2); NRM 9744 (18, now 13). [3 specimens of NRM 9744 were removed because they were identified as Barbus by Greenwood in 1962:192].

Rhabdalestes leleupi Poll, 1967:130, fig. 28. Type locality: Kenya, lac Jipe, Teita distr., rive N.E., alt. 1.000 m. Holotype: RMCA 153759. Placed in the synonymy of Rhabdalestes tangensis (Lönnberg, 1907) by Bailey (1983); confirmed by Seegers et al. (2003).

Distribution: 568 (Poll, 1967; Seegers et al., 2003).

Rhabdalestes yokai Ibala Zamba, Vreven, 2008

Rhabdalestes yokai Ibala Zamba, Vreven, 2008: 378, fig. 1. Type locality: Republic of Congo: Léfini River, access canal to Lake Itsotso, left bank of Louna River, Lésio-Louna Natural Reserve, 3°03’S, 15°49’E. Holotype: RMCA 2004-046-P-0258.

Distribution: 534, 535, 537 (Decru et al., 2017; Ibala Zamba, Vreven, 2008).

TRICUSPIDALESTES Poll, 1967 G Boden

Tricuspidalestes Poll, 1967:142. Type species: Phenacogrammus caeruleus Matthes, 1964. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Tricuspidalestes caeruleus (Matthes, 1964)

Phenacogrammus caeruleus Matthes, 1964b:53, Pl. 2a–b. Type locality: riv. Boteli, Congo belge. [Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Holotype: RMCA 138534.

Distribution: 537 (Poll, 1967; Monsembula Iyaba, Stiassny, 2013).

Species inquirenda (Alestidae) G Boden

Alestopetersius hilgendorfi kribensis Hoedeman, 1951:7 (in key). Type locality: Africa [Type locality was not specified in the original description; species was described in an identification key following the study of supplementary material of African characid fishes from Belgian Congo. Type locality supposedly from the Kribi River, Cameroon (Matthes, 1964a)]. No types known.

Remarks: This subspecies was described by Hoedeman (1951) in an identification key. No type was designated and no locality was given in the original description. According to Matthes (1964b) there are no specimens in the collections of the Amsterdam Zoological Museum, and the subspecies is supposedly from the Kribi River in Cameroon. According to Poll (1967) the type was apparently lost.

ANOSTOMIDAE Günther, 1864 JLO Birindelli

Anostomatina Günther, 1864:279. Type genus: Anostomus Scopoli, 1777. Additional comments: Correct spelling Anostom-. Günther (1864:279) misspelled Anostomatina. Gill (1896b:209) corrected the stem to Anostom-.

Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906:319. Type genus: Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906. Additional comments: Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906 is a junior objective synonym of Anostomatina Günther, 1864 because Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906 is an objective junior synonym of Anostomus Scopoli, 1777.

Leporellinae Eigenmann, 1910:427. Type genus: Leporellus Lütken, 1875.

Leporininae Eigenmann, 1912a:96. Type genus: Leporinus Agassiz, 1829.

ABRAMITES Fowler, 1906

Abramites Fowler, 1906:331. Type species: Leporinus hypselonotus Günther, 1868. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Abramites eques (Steindachner, 1878)

Leporinus eques Steindachner, 1878:90. Type locality: Magdalena-Stromes. [Río Magdalena, Colombia]. Lectotype: NMW 69549. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987)].

Distribution: 302 (Steindachner, 1878).

Remarks: The species is rare in Colombia, where it is considered threatened (Mojica et al., 2012).

Abramites hypselonotus (Günther, 1868)

Leporinus hypselonotus Günther, 1868a:480. Type locality: Xeberos. [Xeberos (= Jeberos) is a village in the Peruvian Amazon (Department of Loreto, Peru) near the Río Aipana, a small tributary that joins the Río Huallaga near the latter’s confluence with Río Marañon]. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.6.13.40. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987:97)].

Leporinus solarii Holmberg, 1891:187. Type locality: República Argentina, Misiones, Rio Alto Paraná. [Lower Rio Paraná basin in Misiones, Argentina]. No types known. [The holotype was deposited at Museo de la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, but is currently considered lost].

Abramites microcephalus Norman, 1926:92. Type locality: near the mouth of river Amazon. [Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1926.3.2.571.

Abramites ternetzi Norman, 1926:93. Type locality: Sao Luis and Descalvados, Matto Grosso, Southern Brazil [São Luís referes to the city of Cáceres, and Descalvados refers to Fazenda Descalvado, at Cáceres, Brazil, Lectotype locality: São Luís]. Lectotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.156. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987:97)].

Leporinus nigripinnis Meinken, 1935:193, fig. 1. Type locality: Corrientes/Argentinien. [Argentina]. Syntypes: ZMB 21916 (3). [(Zarske, 2012a:45)].

Distribution: 307, 314, 316, 318, 321, 319, 343, 324, 323 (Vari, Williams, 1987).

ANOSTOMOIDES Pellegrin, 1909

Anostomoides Pellegrin, 1909c:346. Type species: Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1908. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1909

Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1909c:346 [5]. Type locality: Orénoque. [Río Orinoco, Venezuela]. Lectotype: MNHN 1887-0761. [Designated by Assega, Birindelli (2019:132)].

Schizodontopsis laticeps Eigenmann, 1912a:299, Pl. 41 (fig. 4). Type locality: Crab Falls. [Crab Falls, Essequibo River, Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53359. [Assega, Birindelli (2019:132)]. Synonymy proposed by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:129.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 314, 316,321, 324 (Mago Leccia, 1970; Assega, Birindelli, 2019).

ANOSTOMUS Scopoli, 1777

Anostomus Scopoli, 1777:451. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by tautonomy. Gender: Masculine.

Anostomus Cuvier, 1816:165. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Unjustified replacement name.

Mormyrynchus Swainson, 1839:186, 291. Type species: Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Swainson 1839: 291 argued this to be a replacement name because Anostomus was preoccupied by Lamarck 1822’s Anostoma, a genus of Gastropoda.

Histiodromus Gistel, 1848:VIII. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: According to Jordan (1918:337) this was a replacement for Anastomus Illiger, 1835, a genus of birds.

Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906:319. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Unneeded replacement name. Fowler argued that this was a replacement name because Anostomus Klein, in Walbaum, 1792, was preoccupied as Anastomus Bonnaterre, 1791, a genus of birds. However, Walbaum’s classification did not fit the criteria of the ICZN and is currently considered invalid (Jordan, 1963:36).

Remarks: Anostomus was first described in Gronovius (1763: 122) but it is considered invalid because the classification provided in that publication is not binomial.

Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758:312. Type locality: Indiis. [“Indiis” may refer to Central and South America, however holotype is from Suriname]. Holotype: ZMUC 89.

Anostomus gronovii Schinz, 1822:279. Type locality: Sud-amerika. Holotype: ZMUC 89.

Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839:291. Type locality: Rivers of America. Holotype: ZMUC 89.

Anostomus gronovii Müller, Troschel, 1844:87. Type locality: [Suriname]. Holotype: ZMUC 89.

Anostomus salmoneus Gronovius, in Gray, 1854:153. Type locality: Habitat in Indiis. Holotype: ZMUC 89.

Distribution: 310, 311, 307, 308, 314, 316, 321, 323 (Winterbottom, 1980; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758, was based on the description and illustration given by Gronovius (1756 : 13, pl. VIII, fig. 2), who based his study on one specimen catalogued at ZMUC under catalog number 89 , and labelled as collected in Suriname. The specimen was recognized as the holotype of Salmo anostomus Linnaeus by Wheeler (1989). All other nominal species (Anostomus gronovii Schinz, 1822, Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839, Anostomus gronovii Müller, Troschel, and Anostomus salmoneus Gronovius in Gray, 1854) are objective synonyms as those names were proposed as unjustified replacement names based on Gronovius’ (1756) description.

Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961

Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961b:499, fig. 1. Type locality: Guyane Française, Rivière Camopi, affluent de l’Oyapok. [French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 1901-0405.

Distribution: 311 (Planquette et al., 1996; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Anostomus longus Géry, 1961

Anostomus anostomus longus Géry, 1961b:502, fig. 1. Type locality: Amazone Péruvienne, Rio Nucuray, près de son confluent avec le Rio Marañon, à proximité de Concordia. Holotype: MHNG 2197.04.

Distribution: 316 (Winterbottom, 1980).

Remarks: The validity of this species is still debatable, as it may be a junior synonym of Anostomus anostomus, as discussed by Winterbottom (1980).

Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949

Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949a:293, figure. Type locality: Palital, Estado Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 427.

Distribution: 310, 311, 307, 308, 314, 316, 321, 323 (Winterbottom, 1980).

GNATHODOLUS Myers, 1927

Gnathodolus Myers, 1927:108. Type species: Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927

Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927:108. Type locality: Venezuela: Río Cassiquiari, Chemoni (near bifurcation). Holotype: CAS 20087.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 315, 316 (Winterbottom, 1980; Santos, Jégu, 1987).

HYPOMASTICUS Borodin, 1929

Hypomasticus Borodin, 1929:272. Type species: Leporinus mormyrops Steindachner, 1875. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus.

Hypomasticus copelandi (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus copelandii Steindachner, 1875b:236 [26], Pl. 5. Type locality: Rio Parahyba und dessen Nebenflüsse bei Mendez, Juiz de fora; Rio doce, Rio S. Matheos, Rio Jequitinhonha und Rio Quenda bei Santa Cruz. [Brazil]. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 19773 (1), 19775 (1), 20359 (1), 20408–410 (3, 1, 4), 20420 (3), 20460 (1), 20490–91 (9, 1); MNHN 1913-0134 (1); NMW 68379–87 (2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3), 68391–94 (2, 1, 1, 3), 69592 (2); ZMUC 969 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Steindachner, 1875b).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Birindelli et al., 2020.

Hypomasticus despaxi (Puyo, 1943)

Leporinus despaxi Puyo, 1943:141 [1], fig. 1. Type locality: une crique de la rive gauche du Marouni supérieur. [French Guiana]. [The two syntypes (100 and 104 mm of total length) are apparently lost (Birindelli et al., 2013)].

Distribution: 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Birindelli et al., 2013).

Remarks: The species was transferred to Hypomasticus by Géry (1960a: 28), Sidlauskas, Vari (2008:74).

Hypomasticus julii (Santos, Jégu, Lima, 1996)

Leporinus julii Santos, Jégu, Lima, 1996:273, figure. Type locality: Rio Xingu, Cachoeira Kaituka. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10987.

Distribution: 322, 320, 316 (Santos et al., 1996).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Sidlauskas, Vari (2008).

Hypomasticus lineomaculatus Birindelli, Peixoto, Wosiacki, Britski, 2013

Hypomasticus lineomaculatus Birindelli, Peixoto, Wosiacki, Britski, 2013:464, figs. 1, 3, 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Almeirim, creek tributary of Rio Paru, 0°51’13.8”N, 53°57’05.8”W. Holotype: MGB 15573.

Distribution: 315 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Hypomasticus megalepis (Günther, 1863)

Leporinus megalepis Günther, 1863:443. Type locality: Essequibo, Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.45. [Designated by Géry et al., 1988].

Distribution: 310, 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Géry (1960).

Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus mormyrops Steindachner, 1875b:240 [30], Pl. 6. Type locality: Rio Parahyba im oberen Laufe und dessen Nebenfluss Piabinha. [Rio Paraíba do Sul and its tributary Rio Piabinha in Brazil]. Syntypes: (several) MCZ 20366 (5), 20369 (1); ?MNHN 1913-0132 and 0133 (2) Río Doce; NMW 68350–54 (3, 1, 2, 2, 1); USNM 120420 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Steindachner, 1875b).

Hypomasticus pachycheilus (Britski, 1976)

Leporinus pachycheilus Britski, 1976:87, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Rio Aripuanã, acima da cachoeira de Dardanelos, Estado do Mato Grosso. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 13074.

Distribution: 324, 318, 316, 321 (Santos et al., 1996).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Sidlauskas, Vari (2008).

Hypomasticus santanai Birindelli, Melo, 2020

Hypomasticus santanai Birindelli, Melo, 2020:417, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Dario Meira, Rio Gongogi, tributary of Rio de Contas, approximately 2 km above city, 14°27’44.2”S, 39°55’01.4”W . Holotype: MZUEL 18604.

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2020).

Hypomasticus steindachneri (Eigenmann, 1907)

Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:9. Type locality: Rio Arassuahy, ein Nebenfluss des Rio Jequitinhonha in der brasilianschen Provinz Minas Geraes. [Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68405. [Replacement for Leporinus affinis Steindachner, 1875].

Leporinus affinis Steindachner, 1875b:228 [18], Pl. 3. Type locality: Rio Arassuahy, ein Nebenfluss des Rio Jequitinhonha in der brasilianschen Provinz Minas Geraes. [Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68405. Preoccupied by Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864. Replaced by Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907.

Distribution: 328, 329 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Birindelli et al., 2020.

Hypomasticus thayeri (Borodin, 1929)

Leporinus thayeri Borodin, 1929:273, Pl. 2. Type locality: Rio Paraíba, Brazil. [Rio Paraíba do Sul, Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20364.

Distribution: 329, 328 (Vieira, Birindelli, 2008).

Remarks: Notes on conservation status available in Vieira, Birindelli (2008).

INSPERANOS Assega, Sidlauskas, Birindelli, 2021

Insperanos Assega, Sidlauskas, Birindelli, 2021:649. Type species: Leporinus nattereri Steindachner, 1876. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Insperanos nattereri (Steindachner, 1876)

Leporinus nattereri Steindachner, 1876c:114 [66], Pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type locality: Mündung des Rio Negro und bei Teffé in den Ausstäden des Amazonenstromes. Lectotype: NMW 68346. [Designated by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:138].

Anostomoides passionis Santos, Zuanon, 2006:60, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brasil, State of Pará: rio Xingu, Viracebo do Arroz Cru (3°25’15.7”S, 51°55’08.3”W). Holotype: INPA 13182. Synonymy proposed by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:136.

Distribution: 307, 308, 316, 314,320, 322, 324 (Assega, Birindelli, 2019:139).

LAEMOLYTA Cope, 1872

Laemolyta Cope, 1872:258. Type species: Schizodon taeniatus Kner, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine.

Schizodontopsis Garman, 1890a:16, 18. Type species: Anostomus proximus Garman, 1890. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan, 1920:451. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Anostomus.

Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950

Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950:197. Type locality: Upper Orinoco. [Venezuela]. Holotype: SU 16126.

Laemolyta petiti Géry, 1964d:464, Pl. 4b. Type locality: Ilha do Bananal, haut Rio Araguaia, Brésil. [Brazil]. Holotype: MHNG 2229.01.

Distribution: 322, 324, 308, 309 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta garmani (Borodin, 1931)

Anostomus (Schizodontopsis) garmani Borodin, 1931:47, Pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: Silva Lake, Saraca, Brazil. [Lake Saraca´ at Silves (02°53’S, 58°21’W in Mautari, Menezes, 2006)]. Holotype: MCZ 19370.

Laemolyta garmani macra Géry, 1974:153, fig. 2. Type locality: Environs de Concordia, rio Nucuray, affluent du rio Marañon (en aval du confluent du Huallaga). [Peru]. Holotype: MHNG 2197.38.

Distribution: 323, 321, 316 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta orinocensis (Steindachner, 1879)

Anostomus orinocensis Steindachner, 1879b:150. Type locality: Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolivar. [Venezuela]. Lectotype NMW 62820. [Designated by Mautari, Menezes, 2006:36].

Distribution: 307, 308, 309 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta proxima (Garman, 1890)

Anostomus proximus Garman, 1890a:19. Type locality: Villa Bella and Ueranduba, Brazil. [According to Higuchi (1996), Villa Bella is Rio Amazonas at Parintins and Ueranduba is Lago de Iranduba]. Lectotype: MCZ 19331. [Designated by Mautari, Menezes, 2006:38].

Anostomus varius Garman, 1890a:19. Type locality: Gurupa, José Fernandez, Lake Hyanuary, Manaos, Obydos, Porto de Moz, Rio Negro. [Brazil]. Syntypes: MCZ 809 (1), 19335 (orig. 8, now 6), 19340–41 (3, 1), 19348 (orig. 3, now 2), 19378 (orig. 7, now 5), 19532 (1); USNM 120398 (1).

Anostomus varius var. nitens Garman, 1890a:20. Type locality: Iça. [Iça, Amazon River, Brazil]. Syntypes: MCZ 19367 (now 8); USNM 120242 (3).

Distribution: 323, 316, 314, 321, 320, 310, 315 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Remarks: Géry (1974) proposed Anostomus proximus as senior synonym of A. varius, thus acting as first reviser.

Laemolyta taeniata (Kner, 1858)

Schizodon taeniatus Kner, 1858a:78. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Rio Guapore, Manaus, Mato Grosso]. Lectotype: NMW 81379 (1 of 2, 159.4 mm SL) [designated by Mautari, Menezes (2006:41)]

Distribution: 307, 308, 323, 316, 314, 324, 321, 318, 319 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

LEPORELLUS Lütken, 1875

Leporellus Lütken, 1875c:129. Type species: Leporinus pictus Kner, 1858. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Leporinodus Eigenmann, 1922:116. Type species: Leporinodus retropinnis Eigenmann, 1922. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: The validity of nominal species of the wide-ranging genus Leporellus is still under debate. Currently, nominal species from the same basin have been considered synonyms of distinct valid species. Based on the the type locality of the nominal species of Leporellus, two species may be considered as valid, one for the Amazon/Magdalena and another for the São Francisco and upper Paraná.

Leporellus pictus (Kner, 1858)

Leporinus pictus Kner, 1858a:79. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Irisanga]. Holotype: NMW 81315.

Leporinodus retropinnis Eigenmann, 1922:116. Type locality: Piracicaba. [Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 55174.

Leporellus timbore Eigenmann, 1922:117. Type locality: Rio das Velhas. [Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 55175.

Leporellus cartledgei Fowler, 1941b:177, fig. 89. Type locality: Penedo, Rio São Francisco, Pernambuco. [Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 69522. The species is considered a junior synonym of Leporellus pictus (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Distribution: 332, 344, 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850)

Leporinus vittatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:33. Type locality: l’ Amazone. [Amazon river in Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-9802 (dry, poor condition).

Leporinodus sexdentatus Eigenmann, 1922:117. Type locality: Magdalena basin. [The species was described based on a specimen described by Steindachner (1880), reported by him as from “Cauca”, and identified by him as Leporellus vittatus. Eigenmann, however, mentioned that Steindachner reported the specimen as from “Cauca near Caceres,” but also from the “Magdalena basin”]. No types found.

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324. (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

LEPORINUS Agassiz, 1829

Leporinus Agassiz, in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:58, 65. Type species: Leporinus novemfasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Myocharax Fowler, 1914a:239. Type species: Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus.

Leporinops Géry, 1960e:308. Type species: Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus.

Leporinus acutidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Curimatus acutidens Valenciennes, 1837:no p., Pl. 8 (fig. 1). Type locality: L’Amérique Méridionale. [unknown (type locality is South America)]. No types known.

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 321, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 343, 344, 332, 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: The species is possibly synonym of Leporinus friderici (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864

Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864:308. Type locality: Rio Capin. [Rio Capim, Pará, Brazil]. Syntypes: BMNH 1849.11.8.52–53 (2) [Two syntypes deposited at the Zoological Society are currently lost].

Distribution: 324, 323 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876

Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876c:107 [59], Pl. 9 (fig. 4). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Tabatinga und Teffé, Rio Iça. [Brazil]. Syntypes: (5) NMW 68416–17 (2, 2).

Leporinus semivittatus Boulenger, 1895b:449. Type locality: Rio Negro, Manaos [Manaus], Brazil. Holotype: BMNH 1893.4.24.39.

Distribution: 314, 314, 316, 307, 308 (Garavello, Britski, 2003; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus altipinnis Borodin, 1929

Leporinus fasciatus altipinnis Borodin, 1929:280, Pl. 8. Type locality: Jatuarana, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20487 (2).

Leporinus falcipinnis Mahnert, Géry, Muller, 1997:838, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Arapiuns, 1 hr. by boat downstream of mouth of rio Arua, lower Tapajos basin, Para, Brazil, 2°04’S, 55°38’W. Holotype: MZUSP 51827. Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 316 (Britski, Birindelli, 2016).

Remarks: Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Leporinus amae Godoy, 1980

Leporinus amae Godoy, 1980:23, fig. 14. Type locality: Rio Apuaê, cerca de 5 km acima de sua foz (no Rio Pelotas). [Brazil]. Holotype: MHNP. [Whereabouts unknown. The specimen was deposited in a private collection that is not accessible to researchers].

Distribution: 332, 333 (Almirón et al., 2013; Serra et al., 2013).

Leporinus amazonicus Santos, Zuanon, 2008

Leporinus amazonicus Santos, Zuanon, 2008:36, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brasil, Amazonas: Lago Catalão (03°10’08”S, 59°55’01”W), Rio Amazonas at the confluence of rios Negro and Solimões. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 22861.

Distribution: 316 (Santos, Zuanon, 2008; Sidlauskas et al., 2011).

Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello, Britski, 1987

Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello, Britski, 1987:154, fig. 1a. Type locality: Fazenda Pau D’Alho, Rio Tietê, Itu, SP. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14411.

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1987).

Leporinus apollo Sidlauskas, Mol, Vari, 2011

Leporinus apollo Sidlauskas, Mol, Vari, 2011:[11], figs. 3–4. Type locality: Suriname: Saramacca: Coppename River, Sidonkrutu, sand island and channel (04°31’51”N, 56°30’56”W). Holotype: FMNH 116827.

Distribution: 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912

Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912a:300, Pl. 42 (fig. 3). Type locality: Tukeit, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53366.

Distribution: 310, 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Birindelli et al., 2019).

Leporinus arimaspi Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014

Leporinus arimaspi Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014:207, figs. 1–6. Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, Río Casiquiare, 152.92 km NE of San Carlos de Río Negro, 2°47’56”N, 66°00’23”W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-35695.

Distribution: 307, 308 (Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014).

Leporinus aripuanaensis Garavello, Santos, 1981

Leporinus aripuanaensis Garavello, Santos, 1981:188. Type locality: Rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 14495.

Distribution: 321, 316 (Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Remarks: A more detailed description is given by Garavello, Santos, 1992.

Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, 1875

Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, 1875b:231 [21], Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 83411 (2).

Distribution: 328 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997

Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997:28, fig. 1. Type locality: Igarapé Águas Claras, rio Itacaiunas, Caldeirão, Serra dos Carajás, PA. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 31477.

Distribution: 324 (Britski, 1997).

Leporinus bleheri Géry, 1999

Leporinus bleheri Géry, 1999:108, figs. 5–8. Type locality: Bolivia, Rio Verde, tributary of the Iténez (Guaporé) at the border with Brazil, ca. 30 km from mouth, below cataract, coordinates ca 14°08’S, 60°30’W. Holotype: MHNG 2599.60.

Distribution: 318, 319 (Géry, 1999).

Leporinus boehlkei Garavello, 1988

Leporinus boehlkei Garavello, 1988:144, fig. 1A. Type locality: Colombia, Rio Meta system, stream into Lago Mozambique (Mozambique Ranch), N of the ranch house, ca. 3°58’N, 73°04’W, station number BF-8. Holotype: ANSP 136487.

Distribution: 307 (Garavello, 1988).

Leporinus britskii Feitosa, Santos, Birindelli, 2011

Leporinus britskii Feitosa, Santos, Birindelli, 2011:56, figs. 1–2. Type locality: rio Jamanxim, near Vila Mil, 7°43’51”S, 55°16’36”W, Novo Progresso, Pará. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 109771.

Distribution: 320, 315 (Feitosa et al., 2011).

Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950

Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950:195. Type locality: Caxoeira Camanaos (Camanaos rapids), Rio Negro, Brazil. [Brazil]. Holotype: SU 16125.

Distribution: 316, 321, 320, 314, 307, 308 (Chernoff et al., 1991; Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Leporinus cylindriformis Borodin, 1929

Leporinus cylindriformis Borodin, 1929:288, Pl. 10. Type locality: Porto do Moz, Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20430.

Distribution: 316 (Sidlauskas et al., 2011).

Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914

Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914a:239, fig. 5. Type locality: Rupununi River, Britsh Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: ANSP 39324.

Distribution: 310, 308, 307, 314, 316, 315, 233, 324, 322, 320, 321, 318, 319 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann, Henn, 1916

Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann, Henn, 1916:88. Type locality: Rio Barranca Alta near Naranjito, Ecuador. Holotype: CAS 18396.

Distribution: 301 (Eigenmann, Henn, 1916).

Leporinus enyae Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017

Leporinus enyae Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017:13, fig. 10. Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, río Iguapo, ca. 1 hour above the mouth, 03°08’59”N; 65°28’00”W. Holotype: MCNG 56681.

Distribution: 308, 314 (Burns et al., 2017).

Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo fasciatus Bloch, 1794:96, Pl. 379. Type locality: [presumably Suriname. Bloch described Leporinus friderici in page 95 and noted that the fish was a resident of Suriname and sent to him by Friderici, then governor of Suriname. In the next page, he described Leporinus fasciatus and noted that the specimen was also sent to him by Friderici. Therefore, the type locality is presumably the same as that of Leporinus frideirici]. Holotype: ZMB 3543.

Leporinus novemfasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829:65, Pl. 37. Type locality: Habitat in Brasiliae aequinoctialis fluviis. [Brazil]. No types known. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); author as Spix, Agassiz in Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus holostictus Cope, 1878:690. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. Lectotype: ANSP 21467. [Designated by Fowler (1906:330, fig. 20). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:19) and Britski, Birindelli, 2016]. Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 321, 319 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo friderici Bloch, 1794:94, Pl. 378. Type locality: Suriname. Holotype: ZMB 3552.

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 332, 333, 343, 344, , 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus geminis Garavello, Santos, 2009

Leporinus geminis Garavello, Santos, 2009:111, figs. 2, 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará State, Marabá, Rio Tocantins. Holotype: MZUSP 14422.

Distribution: 324 (Garavello, Santos, 2009

Leporinus gomesi Garavello, Santos 1981

Leporinus gomesi Garavello, Santos, 1981:188. Type locality: Rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 14436.

Distribution: 321 (Garavello, Santos, 1981).

Remarks: A more detailed description is given by Garavello, 1990.

Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991

Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991:15, Pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: Crique Balaté, bassin du bas Maroni. [French Guiana]. Holotype: IRSNB 797.

Distribution: 311 (Géry et al., 1991).

Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912

Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912a:307, Pl. 43 (fig. 3). Type locality: Maripicru creek. [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53383.

Leporinus badueli Puyo, 1948:81 [4], fig. 2. Type locality: Prés da montagne à Baduel dans une petite crique à eua courante de l’ile de Cayenne, ou encore dans une crique de la rive gauche de la Mana, près de la ville du même nom. [Creek near the “mountain” at Baduel and creek on the left bank of the Mana River, near the village of Mana, French Guiana]. Syntypes: (2) lost. Species considered as synonym of Leporinus granti by Géry et al. (1991) and Britski, Birindelli (2013).

Distribution: 310, 311, 321, 320 (Garavello, 1990; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Britski, Birindelli, 2013).

Leporinus guttatus Birindelli, Britski, 2009

Leporinus guttatus Birindelli, Britski, 2009:2, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Altamira, rio Curuá, Iriri drainage (rio Xingu basin), upstream from PCH (= small hydroeletric dam) Buriti, 08°46’28”S, 54°57’12”W. Holotype: MZUSP 97100.

Distribution: 322 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus jamesi Garman, 1929

Leporinus jamesi Garman, in Borodin, 1929:281, Pl. 9. Type locality: Manacapuru. [Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20439.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello et al., 2014).

Leporinus jatuncochi Ovchynnyk, 1971

Leporinus jatuncochi Ovchynnyk, 1971:100, figs. 8–9. Type locality: Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Lake Jatun Cocha (approx. 1°0’S, 75°27’W). Holotype: MUSM 5868.

Distribution: 316, 318, 319, 321, 314 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus klausewitzi Géry, 1960

Leporinus klausewitzi Géry, 1960c:279, Pl. 40 (fig. 2). Type locality: Mundurucú, Rio Manacapuru (Amazon basin, near Manaos). [Brazil]. Holotype: SMF 5090.

Distribution: 316, 314 (Géry, 1960c; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945c:155, figure. Type locality: Pirassununga (S. Paulo). [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 3458.

Distribution: 343, 344 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus lebaili Géry, Planquette, 1983

Leporinus lebaili Géry, Planquette, 1983:66, figs. 1, 2, 5a. Type locality: cours moyen du Maroni au Saut Laissé-Dédé. [French Guiana]. Holotype: MHNG 2152.48.

Distribution: 311 (Géry, Planquette, 1983).

Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes, 1850

Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:30, Pl. 635. Type locality: envoyé de la Mana. [La Mana river, French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 0000-1694.

Distribution: 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus maculatus Müller, Troschel, 1844

Leporinus maculatus Müller, Troschel, 1844:86. Type locality: Hab. in fluviis Guianae. [Guyana]. Holotype: ZMB 3546.

Leporinus pellegrinii Steindachner, 1910:269. Type locality: Surinam. Lectotype: NMW 68174:2. [Designated by Géry et al. (1988a:704)].

Leporinus alternus Eigenmann, 1912a:307. Type locality: Tukeit, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53361.

Leporinus paralternus Fowler, 1914a:237, fig. 4. Type locality: Rupununi River, Britsh Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: ANSP 39320.

Distribution: 324, 322, 320, 315, 310, 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Leporinus alternus, L. paralternus L. pellegrinii were previously considered as possible synonyms of Leporinus maculatus (Géry et al., 1988a; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012). All four nominal species are herein corroborated as synonyms due to the proximity of their type localities and lack of any known morphological differences. Further investigation, especially involving DNA analyses, is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875

Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875c:130,4. Type locality: Rio das Velhas et affluentibus. [Brazil]. Syntypes: USNM 44951 (1); ZMB 9191 (1); ZMUC 151 (1), 155–156 (2).

Distribution: 327 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus melanopleura Günther, 1864

Leporinus melanopleura Günther, 1864:310. Type locality: Bahia. Cipo River. [Type locality restricted to rio Una, Bahia, Brazil, according to Birindelli et al. (2013)]. Lectotype: BMNH 1863:3.27.6. [Designated by Birindelli et al. (2013:14)].

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus melanopleurodes Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013

Leporinus melanopleurodes Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013:15, figs. 6–8. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, approximately 10 km from Nilo Peçanha on road Corredeiras do rio das Almas, 13°36’27.8”S, 39°08’38.8”W. Holotype: MZUSP 100987.

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926

Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926:94. Type locality: Approuague and Oyapock River, French Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1926.3.2.566–567 (2), 1926.3.2.568–569 (2).

Distribution: 315, 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus microphthalmus Garavello, 1989

Leporinus microphthalmus Garavello, 1989:498, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Araguari, salto de Nova Ponte, Nova Ponte, MG. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 38535.

Distribution: 344, 324 (Garavello, 1989; Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus microphysus Birindelli, Britski, 2013

Leporinus microphysus Birindelli, Britski, 2013:1130, fig. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Rio Iratapuru,tributary of Rio Jari, at Cachoeira São Raimundo, 0°33’59”S, 52°34’40”W. Holotype: MZUSP 111001.

Distribution: 315, 320, 322 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942

Leporinus muelleri Steindachner, 1876c:105 [57], Pl. 9 (fig. 5). Type locality: Amazonstrom bei Tabatinga und oberharlb dieser Stadt auf. Peruanischen Gebiete, José Fernández, R. Ica, Lago Alexo. [Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 90680.1. [Designated by Birindelli et al., 2013:241]. Preoccupied by Leporinus muelleri Günther, 1859,

Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942:218, fig. 42. Type locality: Amazonstrom bei Tabatinga und oberharlb dieser Stadt auf. Peruanischen Gebiete, José Fernández, R. Ica, Lago Alexo. [Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 90680.1. [Designated by Birindelli et al., 2013:241]. Replacement for Leporinus mülleri Steindachner, 1876.

Leporinus uatumaensis Santos, Jégu, 1996:164, figure. Type locality: Rio Uatumã, Cachoeira do Miriti, abaixo da cachoeira Balbina. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10087. The species was considered junior synonym of Leporinus moralesi by Birindelli et al. (2013).

Distribution: 316 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016

Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016:98, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças: Araguaia-Tocantins basin: Córrego Grande, tributary of rio das Mortes, approximately 30 km from the city, Brazil, 15°35’43”S, 52°22’39”W. Holotype: MZUSP 119000.

Distribution: 322, 323, 324 (Birindelli et al., 2016).

Leporinus niceforoi Fowler, 1943

Leporinus niceforoi Fowler, 1943d:227, figs. 7–9. Type locality: Florencia, Colombia. [Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia]. Holotype: ANSP 70491.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Jardine, 1841)

Chalceus nigrotaeniatus Jardine, in Schomburgk, 1841:213, Pl. 13 (fig. 2). Type locality: Pedrero on the Rio Negro. No types known.

Leporinus margaritaceus Günther, 1864:309. Type locality: Britsh Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: BMNH 2011.4.19.3.

Distribution: 310, 307, 308, 315, 314 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990

Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990:163, fig. 1. Type locality: Suriname, district Brokopondo, Sara Creek, about 27 km South of Village Dam. Holotype: ZMA 107562.

Distribution: 311, 323 (Garavello, 1990).

Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915

Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915c:28 [14], Pl. 3 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: Umgebung von Joinvile im Staate Santa Catharina, Brasilien. [Brazil]. Syntypes: (2) NMW 68188.

Distribution: 331, 344 (Britski, Garavello, 1978).

Leporinus octomaculatus Britski, Garavello, 1993

Leporinus octomaculatus Britski, Garavello, 1993:33, figs. 3–4. Type locality: Fazenda Sonho Dourado, riacho Formoso, estrada Nobres-Rio Novo, município de Nobres, MT. [Coordinates of type locality given as 14°25’05”S, 55°50’W, Brazil, same as for Leporinus reticulatus]. Holotype: MZUSP 44794.

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus ortomaculatus Garavello, 2000

Leporinus ortomaculatus Garavello, 2000:196, 1b. Type locality: Brazil, Roraima, Rio Surumu, Surumu, 3°35’N, 60°25’W. Holotype: MZUSP 5160.

Distribution: 307, 308, 324 (Garavello, 2000).

Leporinus parae Eigenmann, 1907

Leporinus parae Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:8, fig. 3. Type locality: Para, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 34613.

Distribution: 316, 307, 208, 323, 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus paranensis Garavello, Britski, 1987

Leporinus paranensis Garavello, Britski, 1987:156, fig. 1b. Type locality: Marimbondo, Rio Grande, SP. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14453.

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1987).

Leporinus parvulus Birindelli, Britski, Lima, 2013

Leporinus parvulus Birindelli, Britski, Lima, 2013:242, fig. 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, São Luiz, approximately 4°30’S, 56°59’W. Holotype: MZUSP 110800.

Distribution: 316 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus pearsoni Fowler, 1940

Leporinus pearsoni Fowler, 1940b:84, figs. 44–45. Type locality: Boca Chapare, Río Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 69069.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941

Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941b:176, fig. 87. Type locality: Rio Salgade, Icó, Ceará. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 69502.

Distribution: 325, 326, 327 (Britski et al., 1984).

Leporinus pitingai Santos, Jégu, 1996

Leporinus pitingai Santos, Jégu, 1996:168, figure. Type locality: Rio Pitinga, Cachoeira 40 Ilhas, abaixo UHE Pitinga. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10126.

Distribution: 315 (Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Leporinus punctatus Garavello, 2000

Leporinus punctatus Garavello, 2000:194, fig. 1a. Type locality: Venezuela, Bolivar, small caño tributary to Río do Mato (left bank), Río Orinoco system, 7°08’N, 65°10’W. Holotype: ANSP 174805.

Distribution: 307, 308 (Garavello, 2000).

Leporinus reticulatus Britski, Garavello, 1993

Leporinus reticulatus Britski, Garavello, 1993:30, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Fazenda Sonho Dourado, riacho Formoso, estrada Nobres-Rio Novo (14°25’’S, 55°50’W), município de Nobres, MT. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 44781.

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus santosi Britski, Birindelli, 2013

Leporinus santosi Britski, Birindelli, 2013:26, Fgs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Parauapebas, igarapé de Pojuca, tributary of rio Itacaiúnas, at Caldeirão, approximately 5°52’S, 50°32’W. Holotype: MZUSP 110000.

Distribution: 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2013).

Leporinus sexstriatus Britski, Garavello, 1980

Leporinus sexstriatus Britski, Garavello, 1980:254, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Rio Papagaio, acima de Utiariti, Estado de Mato Grosso. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 9232.

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus sidlauskasi Britski, Birindelli, 2019

Leporinus sidlauskasi Britski, Birindelli, 2019:184, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Itaúba, creek tributary of the rio Teles Pires, at the margin of road, 11°08’42”S, 55°35’21”W. Holotype: MZUSP 123539.

Distribution: 320 (Britski, Birindelli, 2019).

Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926

Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926:94. Type locality: system, Fallawatra river at rapids, 5 km SSW of Stondansie Falls. Syntypes: BMNH 1926.3.2.564–565 (2).

Distribution: 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus steyermarki Inger, 1956

Leporinus steyermarki Inger, 1956:431, fig. 93. Type locality: Rio Abácapa on west side of Chimantá-tepui. [Venezuela]. Holotype: FMNH 45701.

Distribution: 307, 308 (Inger, 1956).

Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858

Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858a:79. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Irisanga und Caiçara in Matogrosso. Irisanga refers to the Rio Mogi Guaçu, or a tributary, at the city of Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo state, Brazil; Irisanga is a misspelling of Orissanga, an old train station located at Mogi Guaçu, present locality known as Estiva Gerbi (approximately at 22°16’S, 46°57’W; Vanzolini, 1993). Caicara refers to the Rio Paraguay, at Caiçara, Mato Grosso state (approximately at 16°3’ S, 57°43’ W), near Cáceres (Britski, Garavelo, 1980). As the type specimens are placed in a single jar and there is no indication of the locality of each specimen, it is impossible to restrict the type locality by selecting a lectotype (Birindelli, Britski, 2013)]. Syntypes: NMW 68048 (7).

Distribution: 344, 343, 319, 318, 316, 307, 302 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus subniger Fowler, 1943

Leporinus subniger Fowler, 1943d:228, figs. 10–12. Type locality: Florencia, Colombia. [Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia]. Holotype: ANSP 70493.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875

Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875c:129 [3]. Type locality: Habitat in flumine Rio das Velhas et afluentibus. [Brazil]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9591 (2); SMNS 2041 (1), ZMB 9190 (2); ZMUC 132–133 (2), 139 (1), 143 (1), 150 (1).

Distribution: 327 (Britski et al., 1984).

Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997

Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997:32, fig. 3. Type locality: rio Maranhão, na altura de Cachoeira do Machadinho, divisa dos municípios de Barro Alto e Niquelândia, GO. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 51073.

Distribution: 324 (Britski, 1997).

Leporinus tepui Birindelli, Britski, Provenzano, 2019

Leporinus tepui Birindelli, Britski, Provenzano, 2019:2, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Bolívar, río Orinoco basin, Chimantá-tepuí, ca. 5°18’N, 62°10’W. Holotype. FMNH 45711.

Distribution: 308 (Birindelli et al., 2019).

Leporinus tigrinus Borodin, 1929

Leporinus fasciatus tigrinus Borodin, 1929:280. Type locality: Goyaz, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20446 (2).

Distribution: 324, 344, 322, 320 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016

Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016:106, figs. 5–8. Type locality: Brazil: Pará: Altamira: Xingu basin: rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriri, at Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°19’06”S, 55°05’24”W. Holotype: MNRJ 34071.

Distribution: 322 (Birindelli et al., 2016).

Leporinus trimaculatus Garavello, Santos, 1992

Leporinus trimaculatus Garavello, Santos, 1992:111, fig. 1a. Type locality: Aripuanã river, Humboldt, Aripuanã, Mato Grosso. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14459.

Distribution: 321 (Garavello, Santos, 1992).

Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli, Britski, 2013

Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli, Britski, 2013:1135, figs. 7–9. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Peixoto de Azevedo, tributary of Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, at Cachoeira da Neblina, Rio Teles Pires basin, 10°23’ 10”S, 54°18’ 22”W.

Holotype: MZUSP 96800.

Distribution: 320,322, 324 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello, Santos, 2009

Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello, Santos, 2009:110, figs. 1, 3. Type locality: Mato Grosso State: Santa Terezinha, Rio Araguaia. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14427.

Distribution: 324 (Garavello, Santos, 2009).

Leporinus vanzoi Britski, Garavello, 2005

Leporinus vanzoi Britski, Garavello, 2005:77. Type locality: Rio Tapajós, cachoeira Lombo de Anta, perto de São Luís, Pará (4°26’S, 56°14’W). [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 21833.

Distribution: 316, 320 (Britski, Garavello, 2005).

Leporinus venerei Britski, Birindelli, 2008

Leporinus venerei Britski, Birindelli, 2008:46, fig. 1a. Type locality: Mato Grosso, São Felix, Lake in Fazenda Entre-Rios (approx. 11°35’S, 50°40’W). [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 93124.

Distribution: 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus villasboasorum Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017

Leporinus villasboasorum Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017:8, fig. 2, 6. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, tributary of rio Xingu, at cofferdam of PCH Paranatinga 2, 13°51’01”S, 53°15’33”W. Holotype: MZUSP 116530.

Distribution: 320, 322 (Burns et al., 2017).

Leporinus y-ophorus Eigenmann, 1922

Leporinus y-ophorus Eigenmann, 1922:233, Pl. 20 (fig. 4). Type locality: Barrigón. [Rio Meta basin, Orinoco basin, Venezuela]. Holotype: CAS 61680.

Distribution: 307 (Géry, 1999).

Species inquirendae (Leporinus)

Anostomus pearsoni Ahl, 1937c:136. Type locality: Laggons, Lake Rogoagua. [Bolivia]. Syntypes: (2) CAS 61846.

Remarks: Replacement for Laemolyta fasciata Pearson, 1924, secondarily preoccupied by Anostomus fasciatus (Spix , Agassiz, 1829) when both were in Anostomus (see Garavello, Britski, 2003:72; Mautari, Menezes, 2006:30).

Charax leucometopon Zuiew, 1789:275, Pl. 5. Type locality: not given. [According to Zuiew (1789) the specimen used as the basis for the species description belonged to the collection of [Carl Gustaf] Dhalberg, a swedish military who worked and lived in Suriname, and used to bring zoological and botanical specimens as presents on his many visits to Sweden (Papavero, 1971). Therefore, sometimes the type locality is referred to as Suriname]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. [Specimens from Dahlberg´s collection were sent to the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zoological Institute - RAS (Holthuis, 1959; Brandt (1864) and were also donated to King Adolf Fredrik of Sweden (Holthuis, 1959; (Kullander, pers. comm.). So far, no specimens from Dahlberg’s collections were located in institutional collections at Stockholm or Upsala (Kullander, pers. comm.), so the specimen on which Zuiew based the description of C. leucometopon could be in St. Petersburg]. Information of this nominal species was provided by C. Lucena (pers. comm.).

Remarks: The figure provided by Zuiew (1789) shows a specimen possessing a terminal mouth and body shape consistent with species of Leporinus. He described eight strong teeth on premaxillary, six (likely eight) on the dentary, 13 dorsal-fin rays (in total), 16 pectoral-fin rays, 10 pelvic-fin rays and 10 anal-fin rays. The coloration was described as body marked here and there with inconspicuous blotches (or spots). This description is not completely consistent with any species inhabiting Suriname in particular, and could best fit Leporinus friderici or Leporinus fasciatus.

Laemolyta fasciata Pearson, 1924:29, Pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: Laggons, Lake Rogoagua [Bolivia]. Syntypes: (2) CAS 61846 (1).

Remarks: The only known specimen of Laemolyta fasciata is a juvenile (15.7 mm SL) in very poorly condition, making it difficult to determine its validity. It may belong to Leporinus due to the coloration described in the original description of the species (Mautari, Menezes, 2006:30).

Leporinus bimaculatus Castelnau, 1855:58, Pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type locality: Rio Vermelho de Goyaz [Lectotype locality: Rio Vermelho de Goyaz, Brazil]. Lectotype: MNHN A9797. [Designated by Britski et al., (2012:470)].

Remarks: The species is possibly junior synonym of Leporinus friderici (Britski et al., 2012).

Leporinus multifasciatus Cope, 1878:690. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. Lectotype: ANSP 21448. [Designated by Fowler (1906:329, fig. 19). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:19)].

Remarks: The only known specimens of Leporinus multifasciatus (i.e., the lectotype and two paralectotypes, ANSP 21449) are juveniles (40–52 mm SL) in very poor condition, making it difficult to determine the validity of this species name. Géry (1977:159) considered as a probable synonym of Leporinus fasciatus

(Bloch, 1794).

Pithecocharax ucayalensis Fowler, 1906:320, fig. 16. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon or Ucayale River. Holotype: ANSP 21997.

Remarks: Status of species based on Garavello, Britski (2003:81) who also suggested it as a possible synonym of a Leporinus species.

MEGALEPORINUS Ramirez, Birindelli, Galetti, 2017

Megaleporinus Ramirez, Birindelli, Galetti, 2017:312. Type species: Curimatus obtusidens Valenciennes, 1837. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Megaleporinus brinco (Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013)

Leporinus brinco Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013:16, figs. 10–12. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Itajibá, rio Gongogi, tributary of rio de Contas, 14°21’16.5”S 39°46’23.9”W. Holotype: MZUSP 105166.

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Megaleporinus conirostris (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus conirostris Steindachner, 1875b:233 [23], Pl. 4. Type locality: Rio Parahyba at Mendez, Juiz de Fora, Palmeira; Rio Doce; Rio Mucuri; Paraíba Valley, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 20371–73 (4, 19, 33), 20407 (8), 20411-13 (1, 2, 7), 25690 (1), 31599 (1); MNHN 1913-0131 (1); NMW 68199 (1), 68395–97 (2, 1, 1), 68399–400 (2, 2), 68693–98 (2, 1, 2, 2, 1); USNM 120275 (2), ZMUC 970 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus elongatus (Valenciennes, 1850)

Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:37. Type locality: Rio San-Francisco du Brésil. Dans la Plata à Buénos-Ayers. [Type locality (Rio São Francisco) considered an error by Britski et al. (2012), and the type specimen considered to be possibly collected in the rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil]. Lectotype: MNHN 8624. [Designated by Géry et al. (1987:396)].

Leporinus crassilabris Borodin, 1929:274, Pl. 4. Type locality: Rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20423.

Leporinus crassilabris breviceps Borodin, 1929:275. Type locality: Rio Arassuahy. [Rio Araçuaí, tributary of Rio Jeqitinhonha, Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20419.

Distribution: 328 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus gaiero Birindelli, Britski, Ramirez, 2020

Megaleporinus gaiero Birindelli, Britski, Ramirez, 2020:3, figs. 1–4, 9a. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Itagibá, Rio Gongogi, tributary of Rio de Contas, 14°21’16.5”S, 39°46’23.9”W. Holotype: MZUSP 112112.

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2020).

Megaleporinus garmani (Borodin, 1929)

Leporinus garmani Borodin, 1929:272, Pl. 3. Type locality: Araçuaí, Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20420.

Distribution: 328 (Ramirez et al., 2016).

Remarks: The species was transferred to Hypomasticus by Borodin (1929:272), and Sidlauskas, Vari (2008:74), and to Megaleporinus by Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello, Britski, 1988)

Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello, Britski, 1988:68, fig. 1A. Type locality: Rio Cuiabá, Barão de Melgaço, MT. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 36586.

Distribution: 343, 344 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Remarks: The species was introduced in distinct basins including the upper Paraná and Tocantins river basins.

Megaleporinus muyscorum (Steindachner, 1900)

Leporinus muyscorum Steindachner, 1900:206. Type locality: Rio Lebrija, einem östlichen nebenflusse des mittleren Rio Magdalena, bei Santander, Columbien. [Colombia]. Holotype: ZSM (old collection) destroyed in WWII.

Distribution: 301, 302 (Garavello, 1990; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Curimatus obtusidens Valenciennes, 1837:no p., Pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type locality: L’Amérique Méridionale. Holotype: MNHN 0000-1693.

Leporinus silvestrii Boulenger, 1902a:284. Type locality: Rio Coxipo, Matto Grosso. [Brazil]. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1902.2.10.32 (1), MSNG 14866 (3).

Salmo 11-radiatus Larrañaga, 1923:387. Type locality: Communis in hoc flumine de la Plata. No types known. Appeared as Salmo boops vel 11-radiatus and Salmo 11-radiatus in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as a synonym of Leporinus obtusidens [= Megaleporinus obtusidens] Valenciennes, 1847. Considered species inquirenda in Leporinus by Garavello, Britski, 2003:79).

Salmo boops Larrañaga, 1923:377. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Appeared as Salmo boops vel 11-radiatus and Salmo boops in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as a synonym of Leporinus obtusidens [=Megaleporinus obtusidens] Valenciennes, 1847. Considered species inquirenda in Leporinus by Garavello, Britski, 2003:79).

Leporinus aguapeiensis Amaral Campos, 1945c:154, figure. Type locality: Rio Aguapeí, Estado de São Paulo. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 3040.

Distribution: 325, 327, 344, 343, 345, 332, 334 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2016).

Megaleporinus piavussu (Britski, Birindelli, Garavello, 2012)

Leporinus piavussu Britski, Birindelli, Garavello, 2012:462, fig. 12–13. Type locality: Rio Mogi Gauçu, at Cachoeira de Emas (21°55’35”S, 47°21’59”W), Pirassununga, São Paulo. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 109999.

Distribution: 344 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875)

Leporinus reinhardti Lütken, 1875c:129 [3]. Type locality: Hab. In flumine Rio d. Velhas nec non in lacu Lagoa Santa. [Brazil]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9590 (1); NMW 68196 (1); SMNS 2040 (1); ZMB 9189 (1); ZMUC 123 (1), 126 (1), 128 (1), 131 (1).

Distribution: 327 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus trifasciatus (Steindachner, 1876)

Leporinus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876c:112 [64]. Type locality: Teffé. [Brazil]. Holotype: NMW.

Leporinus wolfei Fowler, 1940a:261, fig. 58. Type locality: Ucayali river basin, Boca Chica, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68674. Synonymy proposed by Ramirez et al., 2017:312.

Distribution: 316, 318, 321, 319, 324, 314, 323 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Species inquirenda (Megaleporinus)

Leporinus pachyurus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:36. Type locality: l’Amazone. No types known. [The two syntypes were not located in the collections of MNHN and are therefore considered lost (Britski et al., 2012)].

Remarks: The drawing provided by Castelnau (1855: plate 30) shows a large specimen (over 400 mm SL), that possesses three dentary teeth, features that are consistent with species of Megaleporinus. However, there is not enough information to unequivocally identify the species (Britski et al., 2012).

PETULANOS Sidlauskas, Vari, 2008

Petulanos Sidlauskas, Vari, 2008:167. Type species: Anostomus plicatus Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Petulanos intermedius (Winterbottom, 1980)

Anostomus intermedius Winterbottom, 1980:14, fig. 11. Type locality: Brazil, Amazon River system, upper Xingu River, below the cataracts near Suya-Missu or Paranajuba. Holotype: SMF 10651.

Distribution: 321, 320, 322 (Sidlauskas, Santos, 2005).

Petulanos plicatus (Eigenmann, 1912)

Anostomus plicatus Eigenmann, 1912a:296, Pl. 41 (fig. 3). Type locality: Crab Falls, Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53393.

Distribution: 310, 311 (Winterbottom, 1980).

Petulanos spiloclistron (Winterbottom, 1974)

Anostomus spiloclistron Winterbottom, 1974:154, figs. 1, 5a–b, 6. Type locality: Suriname, Nickerie river system, Fallawatra river at rapids, 5 km SSW of Stondansie Falls. Holotype: ZMA 112685.

Distribution: 311 (Winterbottom, 1980).

PSEUDANOS Winterbottom, 1980

Pseudanos Winterbottom, 1980:24. Type species: Schizodon trimaculatus Kner, 1858. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Pseudanos gracilis (Kner, 1858)

Schizodon gracilis Kner, 1858a:78. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Rio Guapore, Brazil (see Birindelli et al., 2012)]. NMW 57119.

Distribution: 321, 316, 314, 315 (Birindelli et al., 2012).

Pseudanos trimaculatus (Kner, 1858)

Schizodon trimaculatus Kner, 1858a:78. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Brazil (see Birindelli et al., 2012)]. Holotype: NMW 62692.

Pseudanos irinae Winterbottom, 1980:27, figs. 7c, 21, 45b. Type locality: Venezuela. Orinoco River system, Orinoco River at bifurcation with Casiquiare River, Laja Tama Tama. Holotype: SU 58809.

Distribution: 307, 314, 316, 318, 321, 319, 310, 315 (Birindelli et al., 2012).

Pseudanos varii Birindelli, Lima, Britski, 2012

Pseudanos varii Birindelli, Lima, Britski, 2012:56, figs. 1–2, 3a–b. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Igarapé Sirinau, tributary of Rio Cuieiras (tributary of Rio Negro), ca. 2°42’S, 60°20’W. Holotype: MZUSP 109800.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314 (Birindelli et al., 2012).

Pseudanos winterbottomi Sidlauskas, Santos, 2005

Pseudanos winterbottomi Sidlauskas, Santos, 2005:110, figs. 1, 2B, 3–4, 5B. Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, Río Ventuari, pool behind beach on south side of river, approximately 0.5h (approximately 12 km) above mouth of Río Ornico, Laguna Pavon (4°04’N, 66°56’W). Holotype: MBUCV-V-32210.

Distribution: 307, 308, 320 (Birindelli et al., 2012).

RHYTIODUS Kner, 1858

Rhytiodus Kner, 1858a78. Type species: Rhytiodus microlepis Kner, 1858. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, 1910:425. Gender: Masculine.

Garmanina Fowler, 1906:326. Type species: Rhytiodus argenteofuscus Kner, 1858. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Rhytiodus.

Rhytiodus argenteofuscus Kner, 1858

Rhytiodus argenteofuscus Kner, 1858a:79. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Rio Negro, Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 56879.

Schizodon sagittarius Cope, 1878:689. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. Holotype: ANSP 21474. [Fowler (1906:326); Böhlke (1984:19)].

Rhytiodus argenteofuscus var. unifasciatus Steindachner, 1915c:24 [10]. Type locality: Mündung des Rio Negro. Holotype: not found at NMW.

Distribution: 316 (Géry, 1987).

Rhytiodus elongatus (Steindachner, 1908)

Anostomus elongatus Steindachner, 1908a:62. Type locality: Rio Purús. [Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 62612.

Distribution: 316 (Géry, 1987).

Rhytiodus lauzannei Géry, 1987

Rhytiodus lauzannei Géry, 1987:367, figs. 1–2, 4 (upper). Type locality: Zone d’inondation du rio Tijamuchi près de Trinidad, bassin du rio Mamoré, Bolivie. [Bolivia]. Holotype: MNHN 1987-1063.

Distribution: 318 (Géry, 1987).

Remarks: The status of this species awaits to be confirmed as it may be a junior synonym of Rhytiodus microlepis (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2008).

Rhytiodus microlepis Kner, 1858

Rhytiodus microlepis Kner, 1858a:79. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Manaus, Brazil]. Syntypes: NMW 56881 (2).

Distribution: 316 (Géry, 1987).

SARTOR Myers, Carvalho, 1959

Sartor Myers, Carvalho, 1959:148. Type species: Sartor respectus Myers, Carvalho, 1959. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Sartor elongatus Santos, Jégu, 1987

Sartor elongatus Santos, Jégu, 1987:183, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Trombetas, Cachoeira Porteira, foz do rio Mapuera, estado do Pará, Brasil (1°6’S e 57°W), em área de pedral, no começo do embasamento do Planalto das Guianas. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 1167.

Distribution: 316 (Santos, Jégu, 1987).

Sartor respectus Myers, Carvalho, 1959

Sartor respectus Myers, Carvalho, 1959:149, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Jacaré, Rio Kuluene (Culuene), about 40 kilometers above its mouth (its junction with the Rio Tamitatoala, which forms the Rio Xingu). [Jacaré lies at approximately 12 degrees South Latitude, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is (or was) an encampment of the Fundação Brasil Central, and is shown on plate 117 of the Times Atlas of the World, vol. 5, 1957, although not present on earlier maps. The Culuene drains the northern slopes of the Serra do Roncador, which forms part of the Planalto of Mato Grosso]. Holotype: MNRJ 11355.

Distribution: 322 (Santos, Jégu, 1987).

Sartor tucuruiense Santos, Jégu, 1987

Sartor tucuruiense Santos, Jégu, 1987:184, fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Tocantins, cidade de Tucuruí, estado do Pará, Brasil (3°45’S, 49°12’W), cerca de 2 km abaixo da barrage de Tucuruí. [Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 1165.

Distribution: 324 (Santos, Jégu, 1987).

SCHIZODON Agassiz, 1829

Schizodon Agassiz, in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:58, 66. Type species: Schizodon fasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Author of genus name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988), author as Spix, Agassiz in (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Lahilliella Eigenmann, Kennedy, in Eigenmann, 1903:144. Type species: Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Anostomus.

Schizodon altoparanae Garavello, Britski, 1990

Schizodon altoparanae Garavello, Britski, 1990:158, fig. 1A. Type locality: Rio Paraná, em frente a Jupiá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 41102.

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1990).

Schizodon australis Garavello, 1994

Schizodon australis Garavello, 1994:182, fig. 1a. Type locality: Rio Uruguai, no Porto de Santo Izidro, município de São Nicolau, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Holotype: MCP 12931.

Distribution: 332 (Garavello, 1994).

Schizodon borellii (Boulenger, 1900)

Anostomus borellii Boulenger, 1900a:2. Type locality: Carandasiñho. [Carandazinho is a municipality near Corumba, Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso, Brazil]. Holotype: at BMNH. [Garavello, Britski, 2003:80].

Distribution: 343 (Garavello, Britski, 2019).

Schizodon dissimilis (Garman, 1890)

Anostomus dissimilis Garman, 1890a:22. Type locality: Rio Puty. [Rio Poti, Piauí, Brazil]. Lectotype: MCZ 19383. [Designated by Garavello, Britski, 2019:6].

Distribution: 323, 325, 326 (Garavello, Britski, 2019:6).

Schizodon fasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829

Schizodon fasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829:66, Pl. 36. Type locality: Habitat in Brasiliae fluviis. [Brazil]. Holotype: MHNN 781.

Piabuca schizodon Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:112. Type locality: Nous les tenons de l’Amazone; de l’Esséquibo… golfe du Mexique, près de la lagune de Maracaïbo. Syntypes: MNHN A-8643 (1, dry) Maracaibo, A-9839 (2) Amazon, A-9840 (1) Essequibo; RMNH (1).

Schizodon fasciatum corti Schultz, 1944:269, figs. 30–31a. Type locality: Río Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km southwest of Maracaibo. [Venezuela]. Holotype: USNM 121300.

Distribution: 310, 311, 315, 314, 316, 321, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 323 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988), author as Spix, Agassiz in (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon intermedius Garavello, Britski, 1990

Schizodon intermedius Garavello, Britski, 1990:159, fig. 1B. Type locality: Ribeirão afluente do Rio Itaqueri, tributário do Rio Piracicaba, Águas de São Pedro, SP. [Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 41123.

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1990).

Schizodon isognathus Kner, 1858

Schizodon isognathus Kner, 1858a:78. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Rio Cuiaba, Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 58855. [Designated by Sidlauskas et al., (2007:717)].

Distribution: 343 (Sidlauskas, Garavello, Jellen, 2007).

Schizodon jacuiensis Bergmann, 1988

Schizodon jacuiensis Bergmann, 1988:15, figs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 9. Type locality: Rio Guaíba, Ilha Balceira, Porto Alegre. [Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 5889.

Distribution: 334 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: This species is possibly junior synonym of Schizodon platae, according to DNA analysis Ramirez et al., 2020.

Schizodon knerii (Steindachner, 1875)

Anostomus knerii Steindachner, 1875b:211 [1], Pl. 1. Type locality: Rio grande do Sul, Rio San Francisco. [Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 62840:2. [Designated by Bergmann, 1988:18. Catalog number of specimen corrected by Sidlauskas et al., 2007].

Distribution: 327 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858

Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858a:78. Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Irisanga]. Syntypes: NMW 16223 (2).

Distribution: 344, 332, 333 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon platae (Garman, 1890)

Anostomus platae Garman, 1890a:23. Type locality: Rosario, La Plata. [Argentina]. Holotype: MCZ 833 [not 1833 or 2833].

Distribution: 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon rostratus (Borodin, 1931)

Anostomus rostratus Borodin, 1931:50, Pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Puty, Brazil. [Rio Poti, possibly at Teresina, Piauí, Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 19380.

Distribution: 325 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon scotorhabdotus Sidlauskas, Garavello, Jellen, 2007

Schizodon scotorhabdotus Sidlauskas, Garavello, Jellen, 2007:712, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Venezuela, Guárico, Río Aguaro N of Cabruta on cattle ranch on E side of Río Guarico, 7°50’28”N, 66°30’28”W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-32950.

Distribution: 307, 308 (Sidlauskas et al., 2007).

Schizodon succinctus Burmeister, 1861

Schizodon succinctus Burmeister, 1861:535. Type locality: Rio Paraná, bei Rozario. [Argentina]. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown.

Distribution: 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Schizodon trivittatus Garavello, Ramirez, Oliveira, Britski, Birindelli, Galetti, 2021

Schizodon trivittatus Garavello, Ramirez, Oliveira, Britski, Birindelli, Galetti, 2021:18, fig. 8. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, São José do Couto, Culuene River, a tributary of Xingu River, 13°49’01”S 53°14’45”W. Holotype: MZUSP 115362.

Distribution: 361, 320, 322, 323 (Garavello et al., 2021).

Schizodon vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850)

Piabuca vittata Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:115. Type locality: l’ Amazone. [type locality restricted to the Araguaia river Brazil.]. Holotype: MNHN A-1067 (dry).

Distribution: 324 (Garavello et al., 2021).

Remarks: Species redescribed by Garavello et al., 2021.

Species inquirenda (Schizodon)

Leporinus platycephalus Meinken, 1935:196, fig. 3. Type locality: Corrientes/Argentinien. Syntypes:ZMB 21915 (2) [Zarske, 2021a). .

Remarks: The species is possibly a junior synonym of Schizodon borellii (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

SYNAPTOLAEMUS Myers, Fernández-Yépez, 1950

Synaptolaemus Myers, Fernández-Yépez, in Myers, 1950:190. Type species: Synaptolaemus cingulatus Myers, Fernández-Yépez, 1950. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Synaptolaemus latofasciatus (Steindachner, 1910)

Leporinus latofasciatus Steindachner, 1910:268. Type locality: …aus dem Orinoco [Venezuela]. Holotype: NMW 68187.

Synaptolaemus cingulatus Myers, Fernández-Yépez, in Myers, 1950:190. Type locality: Laja Supira, upper Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. Holotype: SU 16122.

Distribution: 308, 316, 320, 322, 321, 314 (Britski et al., 2011).

BRYCONIDAE Eigenmann, 1912

Bryconinae Eigenmann, 1912a:370. Type genus: Brycon Müller, Troschel, 1844.

Salminini Cockerell, 1915:156. Type genus: Salminus Agassiz, 1829.

Chalcinopsidi Fowler, 1958:10. Type genus: Chalcinopsis Kner, 1863.

Henochilidi Fowler, 1958:8. Type genus: Henochilus Garman, 1890.

BRYCON Müller, Troschel, 1844 FCT Lima

Brycon Müller, Troschel, 1844:90. Type species: Brycon falcatus Müller, Troschel, 1844. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, 1910:430. Gender: Masculine.

Chalcinopsis Kner, 1863:226. Type species: Chalcinopsis striatulus Kner, 1863. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, 1910:430. Gender: Feminine.

Megalobrycon Günther, 1869:423. Type species: Megalobrycon cephalus Günther, 1869. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Catabasis Eigenmann, Norris, 1900:358. Type species: Catabasis acuminatus Eigenmann, Norris, 1900. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Bryconodon Eigenmann, 1903:146. Type species: Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Othonophanes Eigenmann, 1903:145. Type species: Brycon labiatus Steindachner, 1879. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Holobrycon Eigenmann, 1909a:33. Type species: Brycon pesu Müller, Troschel, 1845. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Triurobrycon Eigenmann, 1909a:33. Type species: Brycon lundii Lütken, 1875. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Brycon alburnus (Günther, 1860)

Chalceus alburnus Günther, 1860a:419. Type locality: Western Andes of Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.167 (1), 1860.6.16.180 (1), 1860.6.16.201–202 (2), 1860.6.16.204 (1).

Brycon acutus Böhlke, 1958:67, Pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: Near the mouth of Rio Quinindé at 60 m. [Ecuador, Esmeraldas, c. 0°20’16”N, 79°28’4”W]. Holotype: SU 49757.

Distribution: 301 (Howes, 1982).

Remarks: See Howes (1982) and Prado et al. (2015:162–163) for comments on the species.

Brycon amazonicus (Agassiz, 1829)

Chalceus amazonicus Agassiz, in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:68, Pl. 35. Type locality: Habitat in fluvio Amazonum [Neotype locality: Brazil, Pará, rio Trombetas, igarapé Caxipacoré, ca. 0°34’S, 56°45’W.] Neotype: INPA 3415. [Designated by Lima (2017:122)].

Chalceus carpophaga Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:252. Type locality: l’Esséquibo. [Guyana]. Lectotype: MNHN A-9832. [Designated by Gery, Mahnert (1992:811)].

Megalobrycon cephalus Günther, 1869:423, fig. 1. Type locality: Upper Amazon. [See Lima (2017:122) for comments on the type locality]. Syntypes: BMNH 1869.5.21.1 (1), 1869.5.21.2 (1). Synonymy proposed in Lima (2017:122–123).

Brycon capito Cope, 1872:261. Type locality: Ambyiacu. [Peru, Loreto, Rio Ampyiacu, trib. Rio Amazonas, ca. 3°21’S, 71°41’W]. Holotype: ANSP 8058. Synonymy proposed in Lima (2017:123).

Brycon longiceps Steindachner, 1879b:150. Type locality: Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolivar. [Venezuela, Estado Bolívar, approximately 8°8’N, 63°34’W]. Syntypes: (several) NMW 62944 (3).

Brycon siebenthalae Eigenmann, 1912a:372, Pl. 54 (fig. 3). Type locality: Mud Creek, Aruka River. [Guyana, approximately 8°13’N, 59°44’W]. Holotype: FMNH 53353.

Brycon pellegrini Holly, 1929:208. Type locality: Manaos. [Manaus, Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 8963.

Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima, 1941:69, figure. Type locality: Cercanias del Puerto de Iquitos. [Peru]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. [Holotype lost (see Lima, 2017:124)].

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 322 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Lima (2017); author as Spix, Agassiz in Lima, 2003:175.

Brycon argenteus Meek, Hildebrand, 1913

Brycon argenteus Meek, Hildebrand, 1913:84. Type locality: Río Aruza, Aruza, Panama. [Panama, Darién, Río Aruza, trib. Río Tuyra, approximately 8°22’N, 77°56’W]. Holotype: FMNH 7588.

Distribution: 210, 301 (Hildebrand, 1938; Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2012:148–149) for an account on the species.

Brycon atrocaudatus (Kner, 1863)

Chalceus atrocaudatus Kner, 1863:227, “fig. 14” (unpublished). Type locality: Westabhange der Andes in Staate Ecuador. Holotype: ZSM 143 [old collection] destroyed in WWII.

Brycon scapularis Fowler, 1911b:502, fig. 3. Type locality: Affluent of the Chimbo River near Bucay, Province of Guayas, Ecuador. [Approximately 2°12’S, 79°10’W]. Holotype: ANSP 39105.

Brycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann, Henn, in Eigenmann, 1918a:687. Type locality: Río Barranca Alta from Naranjito, Ecuador. [Ecuador, Depto. Guayas, approximately 2°10’S, 79°28’W]. Holotype: CAS 39436.

Distribution: 301 ( Böhlke, 1958a; Howes, 1982).

Remarks: See Böhlke (1958a), Howes (1982), and Prado et al. (2015:164–165) for comments on the species.

Brycon behreae Hildebrand, 1938

Brycon behreae Hildebrand, 1938:278, fig. 5. Type locality: Rio Chiriquí del Tire, above Caldera, Pacific slope, western Panama. [Panama, Chiriqui, approximately 8°40’N, 81°21’W]. Holotype: CAS 5582.

Distribution: 206 (Hildebrand, 1938; Bussing, 1998).

Remarks: See Bussing (1998:92–94) for an account on the species.

Brycon chagrensis (Kner, 1863)

Chalcinopsis chagrensis Kner, 1863:226, “fig. 13” (unpublished). Type locality: Río Chagres an der Nordseite von Panama. [Panama, Río Chagres (canal zone)]. Syntypes: NMW 22106 (1), 62661 (2); ZSM no. 3, 16, 47, 129, 234 [old collection] (orig. 5?) destroyed in WWII.

Distribution: 209 (Hildebrand, 1938).

Brycon coquenani Steindachner, 1915

Brycon coquenani Steindachner, 1915c:37 [23], Pl. 1 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: Coquenanflusse in Venezuela. [Venezuela, Estado Bolívar, Río Kukenan, upper Río Caroní basin, approximately 5°12’N, 60°46’W (Lima, 2017:35–36)]. Lectotype: NMW 62702. [Designated by Lima (2017:35)].

Distribution: 308 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon costaricensis Angulo, Gracian-Negrete, 2013

Brycon costaricensis Angulo, Gracian-Negrete, 2013: 258, fig. 2. Type locality: Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia, Sarapiquí drainage, La Virgem de Sarapiquí, Río Sarapiquí, at the Tirimbina Biological Reserve, 149 m, 10°24’56.84”N, 84°07’18.70”W. Holotype: UCR 2936-01.

Distribution: 205 (Angulo, Gracian-Negrete, 2013).

Brycon coxeyi Fowler, 1943

Brycon coxeyi Fowler, 1943a:3, fig. 2. Type locality: Hacienda las mascotas, mouth of Río Pastaza, basin of the Río Marañon, Ecuador. [Type locality corrected by Lima (2017:26) for “Ecuador, Província Tungurahua, Hacienda Mascota, Río Paztaza, near mouth of Río Topo, 1°25’S, 78°11’W”]. Holotype: ANSP 70156.

Distribution: 313 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon dentex Günther, 1860

Brycon dentex Günther, 1860b:240 [8]. Type locality: Freshwaters of Esmeraldas. [Ecuador, Depto. Esmeraldas]. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.156–159 (4), SMNS 762 (1).

Distribution: 301 ( Böhlke, 1958a; Howes, 1982).

Remarks: See Böhlke (1958a), Howes (1982), and Prado et al. (2015:166–167) for comments on the species.

Brycon dulcis Lima, Vieira, 2017

Brycon dulcis Lima, Vieira, in Lima, 2017: 53, figs. 30–31. Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Marliéria, Lago Dom Helvécio, Rio Doce State Park, Rio Doce system, 19°46’S, 42°36’W. Holotype: MZUSP 58911.

Distribution: 328 (Lima, 2017).

Brycon falcatus Müller, Troschel, 1844

Brycon falcatus Müller, Troschel, 1844:90. Type locality: In Guyana et Surinam. Syntypes: BMNH 1969.12.12.1–3 (3) Guyana; ZMB 3601–03 (2, 1, 1).

Chalceus labrosus Jardine, in Schomburgk, 1841:212, Pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type locality: River Paduiri. [River Padauari, Rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil]. No types known. Description corresponds to that of Brycon falcatus Müller, Troschel, 1844. Considered as nomen oblitum and as such does not have precedence over Brycon falcatus (Lima, 2017:155).

Brycon schomburgkii Müller, Troschel, 1844:91. Type locality: Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: ZMB 3604. Considered a junior synonym of Brycon falcatus Müller, Troschel, 1844 by Eigenmann (1912a:372) and therefore, acting as first reviser.

Brycon brevicauda Günther, 1864:335. Type locality: Rio Jocintins, River Capin. [Brazil, Pará, rio Tocantins and Rio Capim (cf. Lima, 2017:156)]. Syntypes: BMNH 1849.11.8.48–49 (2), 1842.4.20.13 (right half skin).

Brycon stuebelii Steindachner, 1882c:176. Type locality: Amazonenstrome. [Type-locality specified to “Rio Amazonas (Iquitos)” by Steindachner (1882a:13–14)]. Holotype: MTD F 380.

Brycon bicolor Pellegrin, 1909a:12. Type locality: Orénoque. [See Lima (2017:157) for comments on the type locality]. Syntypes: MNHN 1887-0746 to 0748 (3). Synonymy proposed in Lima (2017:157).

Brycon matrinchao Fowler, 1941b:192, fig. 102. Type locality: Rio Parnahyba, Therezina, Piauhy. [Type locality very probably incorrect; see Lima (2017:157)]. Holotype: ANSP 69619.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon ferox Steindachner, 1877

Brycon ferox Steindachner, 1877:583 [25], Pl. 4 (figs. 1–1a). Type locality: Rio Mucuri. [Minas Gerais or Bahia state, Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 62930. [Designated by Lima (2017:62)].

Distribution: 328 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon fowleri Dahl, 1955

Brycon fowleri Dahl, 1955:19. Type locality: Chibogadó, Colombia. [Colombia, Depto. Córdova, upper Río Sinú, approximately 8°0’N, 76°13’W]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown.

Distribution: 301, 302 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2005:79–80) for an account on the species.

Brycon gouldingi Lima, 2004

Brycon gouldingi Lima, 2004:280, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil; Pará; Parauapebas, Igarapé da Boa Vista, tributary of rio Itacaiúnas, Serra dos Carajás ca. 5°52’S, 50°29’W. Holotype: MZUSP 61400.

Distribution: 324 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon guatemalensis Regan, 1908

Brycon guatemalensis Regan, 1908a:168. Type locality: Guatemala, Río Chisoy, Río Usumancita, Río Motagua and Lake Yzabal. Syntypes: (6) BMNH 1864.1.26.226–229 (4), 1865.4.29.40 (1), 1869.1.26.387 (1), ?1869.2.23.8 (1).

Distribution: 201, 202 (Angulo, Gracian-Negrete, 2013; Miller et al., 2005).

Remarks: See Miller et al. (2005:157) and Angulo, Gracian-Negrete (2013) for an account on the species.

Brycon henni Eigenmann, 1913

Brycon henni Eigenmann, 1913:26. Type locality: Caldas. [Colombia, Depto. Valle del Cauca, Río Cauca basin (precise locality uncertain: Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012:150)]. Holotype: FMNH 56384.

Distribution: 301, 302 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005, 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2005:80–81; 2012:150–151) for accounts on the species.

Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

Chalceus hilarii Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:246. Type locality: Río San Francisco. [Type locality very probably incorrect; see Lima (2017:105)]. Lectotype: MNHN A-8616-81-25-71.

Megalobrycon erythropterum Cope, 1872:263, Pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality: Ambyiacu. [Peru, Loreto, Rio Ampyiacu, trib. Rio Amazonas, ca. 3°21’S, 71°41’W]. Holotype: ANSP (not found). [Böhlke (1984:45; Lima (2017:105)]. Synonymy proposed in Lima (2017:106).

Brycon microlepis Perugia, 1897:149 [3]. Type locality: Puerto 14 de Mayo, dipartimento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale. [Paraguay]. Holotype: MSNG 36916.

Distribution: 313, 316, 317, 342, 343, 345 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon howesi Lima, 2017

Brycon howesi Lima, 2017: 47, figs. 28–29. Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Araçuaí, rio Jequitinhonha, confluence with rio Araçuaí, below village of Itira, 16°45’S, 42°0’W. Holotype: MZUSP 103075.

Distribution: 328 (Lima, 2017).

Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877

Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877:587 [29], Pl. 4 (figs. 2–2a). Type locality: Rio Parahyba bei Campos und Mendez. [Type locality restricted by Lima (2017:42) to “Rio Parahyba”, i.e., Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, rio Paraíba do Sul at Campos or Mendes]. Lectotype: NMW 62925: 2. [Designated by Lima (2017:41)].

Catabasis acuminatus Eigenmann, Norris, 1900:358. Type locality: Rio Tieté. [Type locality probably incorrect; see Lima (2017:42)]. Holotype: CAS 11894.

Megalobrycon piabanha Miranda-Ribeiro, 1902:5. Type locality: Cataguazes, rio Pomba. [Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio Paraíba do Sul basin]. Holotype: MNRJ (apparently lost).

Distribution: 329, 352 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon medemi Dahl, 1960

Brycon medemi Dahl, 1960b:461, figure. Type locality: Quebrada La Noche, upper Atrato. [Colombia, Depto. Chocó]. Holotype: ICN-MHN 41. [Mojica, Agudelo-Zamora, 2018:8].

Distribution: 301 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2012:152–153) for an account on the species.

Brycon meeki Eigenmann, Hildebrand, 1918

Brycon meeki Eigenmann, Hildebrand, in Eigenmann, 1918a:688. Type locality: Originally “Ríos San Juan, Dagua, Patia, western Colombia”, restricted by Eigenmann (1922:322) to “Barbacoas, Colombia”. [Colombia, Depto. Nariño, Río Telembi, approximately 1°40’30”N, 78°8’30”W]. Lectotype: CAS 13467. [Designated by Eigenmann (1922:322)].

Brycon juanensis Rendahl, 1941:10, figs. 2–3. Type locality: Río San Juan, Cabeceras. [Colombia, Depto. Chocó]. Holotype: NRM 10688.

Brycon juradoensis Fowler, 1944:232, figs. 5–6. Type locality: Río Juradó, Chocó Province, Colombia. [Colombia, Depto. Chocó, approximately 7°10’N, 77°46’W]. Holotype: ANSP 71426.

Brycon tovari Dahl, 1960b:465, figure. Type locality: Mouth of Río Sandó, tributary to the Baudó. [Colombia, Depto. Chocó, approximately 5°3’7”N, 77°3’9”W]. Holotype: ICN-MHN 110. [(Mojica, Agudelo-Zamora 2018:10)].

Distribution: 301 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2012:154–155) for an account on the species.

Brycon melanopterus (Cope, 1872)

Megalobrycon melanopterum Cope, 1872:262, Pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type locality: Ambyiacu. [Peru, Loreto, Rio Ampyiacu, trib. Rio Amazonas, ca. 3°21’S, 71°41’W]. Lectotype: ANSP 8035. [Designated by Fowler (1907:447). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:51), see Lima, 2017 (:140)].

Distribution: 316, 318, 321, 313, 314 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon moorei Steindachner, 1878

Brycon moorei Steindachner, 1878:91. Type locality: Cienega (...) Magdalenen-Strom. [Colombia, Depto. Magdalena, approximately 10°58’N, 74°15’W]. Syntypes: at NMW (yet to be located).

Othonophanes bolivarensis Dahl, 1943:216 [2], figure. Type locality: Pool communicating with Río Batatal (also called Río Uré) tributary to Río San Jorge, Magdalena system, Altitude approximately 800 m. Municipal of Ayapel, department of Bolivar, Republic of Colombia. [Colombia, Depto. Cordoba, ca. 7°57’S, 75°31’W]. Holotype: at ZMUL (yet to be located).

Distribution: 302 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2005:82) for an account on the species.

Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864

Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864:334. Type locality: Irisanga. [Brazil, São Paulo, Oriçanga (now Estiva Gerbi), rio Grande basin, 22°16’S, 46°57’W (cf. Lima, 2017:81)]. Holotype: NMW 16396.

Brycon reinhardtii Lütken, 1875c:134 [8]. Type locality: Flumine Rio das Velhas. [Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio São Francisco basin]. Syntypes: BMNH 1878.1.10.36 (1); MNHN 0000-9589 (1); NMW 59761 (2); SMNS 2049 (1); USNM 44955 (1); ZMB 9194 (1); ZMUC 216 (1), 222 (1), 224 (1), 225 (1).

Distribution: 327, 324, 344 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon obscurus Hildebrand, 1938

Brycon obscurus Hildebrand, 1938:283, fig. 6. Type locality: Creek in El Valle, Pacific slope, Panama. [Panama, Coclé, approximately 8°40’N, 80°7’W]. Holotype: USNM 106512.

Distribution: 210 (Hildebrand, 1938).

Brycon oligolepis Regan, 1913

Brycon oligolepis Regan, 1913b:462. Type locality: Río Condoto and western Ecuador. [“Río Condoto” at Colombia, Depto. Chocó]. Syntypes: (9) BMNH 1913.10.1.8–9 (2).

Distribution: 301, 302 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005, 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2005:83; 2012:156–157), and Prado et al. (2015: 168–169) for accounts on the species.

Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819)

Chalceus opalinus Cuvier, 1819:351, Pl. 26 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brésil [Brazil]. [Restricted by Eigenmann (1921: 294–295) to “Rio de Janeiro”; see comments by Lima (2017:73)]. Holotype: MNHN A-8613 (dry).

Brycon bahiensis Günther, 1864:334. Type locality: Bahia. [See Lima (2017:73) for comments on the type locality]. Holotype: BMNH 1862.11.23.26.

Distribution: 329, 328 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850)

Chalceus orbignyanus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:249. Type locality: Buénos-Ayres, la Plata. [Argentina, Buenos Aires, Rio de La Plata]. Lectotype: MNHN A-9835 (larger specimen). [Designated by Gery, Mahnert (1992:811)].

Chalceus rodopterus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:249. Type locality: Buénos-Ayres. [Argentina]. Syntypes: MNHN A-9834 (2, poor condition).

Brycon lineatus Steindachner, 1866:19. Type locality: La-Plata Strom. [Argentina]. Holotype: NMW 62943. [Holotype apparently lost (see Lima, 2017:96)].

Brycon travassosi Amaral Campos, 1950:141, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Bodoquena, Est. Mato Grosso. [Type locality probably incorrect; see Lima (2017:96–97)]. Holotype: MZUSP 3811.

Distribution: 344, 345, 332, 333 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: Géry, Mahnert (1992: 807) acted as first revisers when placing Chalceus rodopterus Valenciennesas junior synonym of Brycon orbignyanus(Valenciennes, 1850). See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864

Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864:335. Type locality: River Cipo. [Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio Cipó (a tributary of Rio das Velhas)]. Holotype: BMNH 1861.5.16,71 (half skin).

Brycon lundii Lütken, 1875c:135 [9]. Type locality: Fluminen Rio das Velhas. [Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas]. Syntypes: ZMUC 227 Lagoa Santa, ZMUC 228–229 (skulls), ZMUC 232 Rio das Velhas.

Distribution: 327 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon pesu Müller, Troschel, 1845

Brycon pesu Müller, Troschel, 1845:16, 30, Pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality: Guiana. [Presumably Essequibo River]. Holotype: ZMB 3605.

Distribution: 311, 310, 308, 315, 323, 324, 322, 320, 321, 319, 307 (Steindachner, 1917; Planquette et al., 1996; Géry, Zarske, 2004; Lima et al., 2013; Arrington, Winemiller, 2003).

Remarks: A species complex (Arruda et al., 2019; A.M. Zanata, F.C.T. Lima, unpublish. data).

Brycon petrosus Meek, Hildebrand, 1913

Brycon petrosus Meek, Hildebrand, 1913:84. Type locality: Upper Chagres. [Panama, Río Chagres (canal zone)]. Holotype: FMNH 7589.

Distribution: 209 (Hildebrand, 1938).

Brycon polylepis Mosco Morales, 1988

Brycon polylepis Mosco Morales, 1988:9, figs. 2, 3, 5. Type locality: Río Yasa, afluente del Río Negro, estación biomédica Kasmera, Sierra de Perijá, zona de reserva de los indios Pariríes, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. [Approximately 9°57’S, 72°43’W]. Holotype: MBLUZ 1273.

Distribution: 303, 307, 308, 316, 318, 324 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon posadae Fowler, 1945

Brycon posadae Fowler, 1945c:103, fig. 5. Type locality: Ricaurte, on the Río Guebo, tributary of the Río Mira, Nariño, at 3000 feet elevation, Pacific Slope of Colombia. [Colombia, Depto. Nariño, approximately 1°12’30”N, 77°59’30”W]. Holotype: ANSP 71695.

Distribution: 301 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2012:158), and Prado et al. (2015:170–171) for an account on the species.

Brycon rubricauda Steindachner, 1879

Brycon rubricauda Steindachner, 1879c:195. Type locality: der Cauca, der grösste Nebenfluss des Magdalenan-Stromes. [Colombia, Depto. Antioquia]. Holotype: at NMW. [Holotype still need to be identified at NMW collection].

Chalceus rodopterus Posada, 1909:303. Type locality: Medellín, Colombia. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. [probably never preserved]. Homonym of Chalceus rodopterus Valenciennes.

Distribution: 302 (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2005:83–84) for an account on the species.

Brycon sinuensis Dahl, 1955

Brycon moorei sinuensis Dahl, 1955:18, figure. Type locality: Lorica, Cereté, Betancí, Tierra Alta and the mouth of Nain. [Colombia, Depto. Córdoba, Río Sinu basin]. Syntypes: lost.

Distribution: 302 (Dahl, 1971).

Remarks: See Dahl (1971:124) for comments on the species (as Brycon moorei sinuensis).

Brycon stolzmanni Steindachner, 1879

Brycon stolzmanni Steindachner, 1879b:152. Type locality: Chota. [Peru, Cajamarca, Río Marañon basin, ca. 6°33’S, 78°39’W]. Lectotype: NMW 62731: 1. [Designated by Lima (2017:21)].

Distribution: 312 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon striatulus (Kner, 1863)

Chalcinopsis striatulus Kner, 1863:226, “fig. 12” (unpublished). Type locality: Panama. [Panama, Río Chagres (canal zone)]. Syntypes: ZSM no. 15, 117, 200, 204, 206 [old collection] (5) destroyed in WWII.

Distribution: 210, 301 (Hildebrand, 1938; Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012).

Remarks: See Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2012:159–160) for an account on the species.

Brycon unicolor Mosco Morales, 1988

Brycon unicolor Mosco Morales, 1988:16, fig.4, 5. Type locality: Lagunas de piscicultura del Centro de Aprendizaje Agropecuaria Don Bosco, Carrasquero, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Holotype: MBLUZ 1254.

Distribution: 303 (Mosco Morales, 1988).

Brycon vermelha Lima, Castro, 2000

Brycon vermelha Lima, Castro, 2000:156, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil. Minas Gerais, município de Carlos Chagas, rio Mucuri, approximately 9 km W of village of Presidente Pena, along a dirt road on Fazenda Gavião (17°42’S, 40°58’W). Holotype: MZUSP 53303.

Distribution: 328 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Brycon vonoi Lima, 2017

Brycon vonoi Lima, 2017:63, figs. 36–37. Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Taiobeiras, rio Pardo, fazenda Tabatinga, ca. 15°43’S, 42°14’W. Holotype: MZUSP 58297.

Distribution: 328 (Lima, 2017).

Brycon whitei Myers, Weitzman, 1960

Brycon whitei Myers, Weitzman, 1960:99, fig. 1. Type locality: Vicinity of Los Micos, and the north end of the Cordillera Macarena, at approximately 3°20’N, 73°56’W. This locality is the headwaters of the Río Guaviare (Río Orinoco system) just east of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia. Holotype: SU 48818.

Distribution: 307 (Lima, 2017).

Remarks: See Lima (2017) for a full account on the species.

Species inquirendae (Brycon)

Brycon labiatus Steindachner, 1879c:195. Type locality: der Cauca, der grösste Nebenfluss des Magdalenan-Stromes. [Colombia, Depto. Antioquia]. Holotype: NMW. [Holotype still need to be identified in NMW collection].

Chalceus devillei Castelnau, 1855:69, Pl. 36 (fig. 2). Type locality: Bahia. [See Lima (2017:52–53) for comments on the type locality]. Holotype: MNHN 0000-4517.

Remarks: Taxonomic status of species discussed by Lima (2017:52).

CHILOBRYCON Géry, de Rham, 1981 FCP Dagosta

Chilobrycon Géry, de Rham, 1981:7. Type species: Chilobrycon deuterodon Géry, de Rham, 1981. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Chilobrycon deuterodon Géry, de Rham, 1981

Chilobrycon deuterodon Géry, de Rham, 1981:8, figs. 2–6. Type locality: Nord du Pérou, Département Tumbès, Rio Trapazol, petite rivière affluente du Rio Tumbès et réduite à quelques mares à la fin de la saison sèche. [Peru]. Holotype: MHNG 2045.13.

Distribution: 301 (Géry, Rham, 1981).

Remarks: Name appeared first in title on page 7.

HENOCHILUS Garman, 1890 FCT Lima

Henochilus Garman, 1890e:49. Type species: Henochilus wheatlandii Garman, 1890. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Henochilus wheatlandii Garman, 1890

Henochilus wheatlandii Garman, 1890e:49 [1], Pl. 1. Type locality: Santa Clara on the Rio Mucury. [The type locality is probably incorrect; the species was never collected again in the rio Mucuri, but instead, in the rio Santo Antônio, an upper tributary of the rio Doce, Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Vieira et al., 2000; Castro et al., 2004)]. Holotype: MCZ 21109.

Distribution: 328 (Castro et al., 2004).

SALMINUS Agassiz, 1829 FCT Lima

Salminus Agassiz, in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:76. Type species: Hydrocyon brevidens Cuvier, 1819. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Hydrocyon.

Salminus affinis Steindachner, 1880

Salminus affinis Steindachner, 1880:80 [28], Pl. 7 (figs. 2–2a). Type locality: der Cauca, der grösste Nebenfluss des Magdalenan-Stromes. [Colombia, Depto. Antioquia]. Lectotype: NMW 78042.2. [Designated by Géry, Lauzanne (1990:122)].

Distribution: 302 (Lima, 2022:16).

Remarks: Species redescribed by Lima, 2022.

Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

Hydrocynus brasiliensis Cuvier, 1816:167. Type locality: Brésil. [Brazil, presumably from the rio Paraguay basin (Géry, Lauzanne, 1990:114)]. Holotype: MNHN A-8555 (dry).

Hydrocyon brevidens Cuvier, 1819:364, Pl. 27 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brésil. [Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-8555 (dry). [Based on the same holotype of Hydrocyon brasiliensis, and consequently, its objective synonym (Géry, Lauzanne, 1990:114)].

Salminus cuvieri Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:56. Type locality: Brésil. [Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-8555 (dry). [Based on the same holotype of Hydrocyon brasiliensis, and consequently, its objective synonym (Géry, Lauzanne, 1990:115)].

Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:62. Type locality: l’Amazone. [Type locality certainly incorrect, holotype presumably collected at the rio Paraguai basin in Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-8550 (dry).

Salminus orbignyanus Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:65. Type locality: les Missions jusqu’à Buénos Ayres, Argentina; dans tous les affluents du Parana ou de l’Uruguay. Holotype: MNHN A-8551.

Salmo 27-radiatus Larrañaga, 1923:388. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Appeared as Salmo auratus vel 27-radiatus and Salmo 27-radiatus in Devincenzi, 1925:313, 322, respectively and treated as synonym of Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes (=S. brasiliensis Cuvier). As a synonym of Salminus brasiliensis in Lima et al. 2003:156); Litz, Koerber, 2014:12; Mirande, Koerber, 2015b:20; Koerber et al., 2017:32.

Salmo auratus Larrañaga, 1923:378. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Devincenzi (1925:322) considered it as a synonym of Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes; Included as a synonym of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier) in Lima et al., 2003:156.

Distribution: 342, 342, 345, 332, 333, 334, 344, 318, 312 (Géry, Lauzanne, 1990; Lima, 2006).

Salminus franciscanus Lima, Britski, 2007

Salminus franciscanus Lima, Britski, 2007:238, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, stream tributary to rio das Velhas, at Igreja Quebrada, near Jaguara (19°27’S, 43°57’W). Holotype: MZUSP 89625.

Distribution: 327 (Lima, Britski, 2007).

Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850

Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:64. Type locality: Rio San Francisco. [Brazil, presumably Minas Gerais]. Lectotype: MNHN A-8658. [Designated by Géry, Lauzanne (1990:117)].

Brycon erythrura Fowler, 1941b:191, fig. 101. Type locality: Rio Jaguaribe, Orós, Ceará. [Brazil, Ceará, approximately 6°14’S, 38°55’W]. Holotype: ANSP 69608.

Distribution: 344, 327, 326 (Lima, 2022:28).

Remarks: Species redescribed by Lima, 2022.

Salminus iquitensis (Nakashima, 1941)

Holobrycon iquitensis Nakashima, 1941:72, figure. Type locality: Cercanias del Puerto de Iquitos. [Neotype locality: Peru, Loreto, Mazan, río Napo, upstream mouth of río Mazan, near Mazan, 3°29’10”S, 73°6’24”W]. Neotype: ANSP 178157 [Designated by Lima, 2022:41].

Distribution: 307, 308, 315, 316, 318 (Lima, 2022).

Remarks: Species revalidated and redescribed by Lima, 2022.

Salminus santosi Lima, 2022

Salminus santosi Lima, 2022:44, figs 15–16. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Parauapebas, igarapé do Cinzento, rio Itacaiúnas, ca. 5°51’S, 50°32’W. Holotype: MZUSP 34916.

Distribution: 324 (Lima, 2022).

CHALCEIDAE Fowler, 1958 AM Zanata

Chalceidi Fowler, 1958:9. Type genus: Chalceus Cuvier, 1818.

Plethodectidi Fowler, 1958:9. Type genus: Plethodectes Cope, 1870.

CHALCEUS Cuvier, 1818

Chalceus Cuvier, 1818:454. Type species: Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Plethodectes Cope, 1870:563. Type species: Plethodectes erythrurus Cope, 1870. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Pellegrinina Fowler, 1907:442. Type species: Pellegrinina heterolepis Fowler, 1907. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Chalceus epakros Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004

Chalceus epakros Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004:124, figs. 18–19. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós, São Luís, above Itaituba (4°25’S, 56°10’W). Holotype: MZUSP 33392.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 314, 315, 316, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

Chalceus erythrurus (Cope, 1870)

Plethodectes erythrurus Cope, 1870:563, figures. Type locality: Pebas, Equador. [currently, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 8032. [specimen in poor condition (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004). [Fowler, 1907:441; Böhlke, 1984:55].

Pellegrinina heterolepis Fowler, 1907:442, fig. 39. Type locality: Probably some part of West Africa. [Type locality is wrong, based on incorrect information of original label in Géry (1977:18)]. Holotype: ANSP 8150 (caudal damaged). Status of species discussed by Zanata, Toledo-Piza (2004).

Chalceus macrolepidotus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941:76, figure. Type locality: Cercanías del puerto de Iquitos. [Peru]. Syntypes: ?MHNJP [= MUSM] (lost).

Distribution: 314, 316 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

Chalceus guaporensis Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004

Chalceus guaporensis Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004:128, fig. 22–23. Type locality: Bolívia, Beni, Río Itenez at mouth of Río Baures, 6 km SW of Costa Marques; 12°31’S, 64°19’W. Holotype: UMMZ 239851.

Distribution: 319 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818

Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818:454, Pl. 21 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brésil. [Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN 2634.

Chalceus ararapeera Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:244. Type locality: Essequibo. [Guyana]. Syntypes: MNHN A-9830 (2). Status of species discussed by Zanata, Toledo-Piza (2004).

Creagrutus pellegrini Puyo, 1943:143 [3], fig. 2. Type locality: Um des spécimens a été recueilli dans le haut Itany, l’autre dans le cours supérieur du Marouni. [French Guiana]. Syntypes: (lost). Status of species discussed by Zanata, Toledo-Piza (2004).

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 314, 319 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

Remarks: The correct year of publication is 1818 and not 1816 (Lima et al., 2003) or 1817 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

Chalceus spilogyros Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004

Chalceus spilogyros Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004:121, figs. 15–17. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Igarapé Jacaré, right margin of Rio Tapajós, near Boim. (3°0’S, 55°15’W). Holotype: MZUSP 20314.

Distribution: 316 (Zanata, Toledo-Piza, 2004).

CHARACIDAE Latreille, 1825

Characini Latreille, 1825:119. Type genus: Charax Scopoli, 1777. Additional comments: In some works, family name also appeared as Characinidae based on Characinus. Myers (1949) extensively discussed this complex issue.

Stevardianae Gill, 1858 (correct spelling Stevardiinae):62. Type genus: Stevardia Gill, 1858. Additional comments: Gill (1858) spelled Stevardianae. Eigenmann (1917:27) corrected the name to Stevardiinae. Fowler (1943e:317) misspelled Stevardinae.

Tetragonopterinae Gill, 1858:54. Type genus: Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816.

Acestrorhamphinae Eigenmann, 1907:154. Type genus: Acestrorhamphus Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903.

Stethaprioninae Eigenmann, 1907:771. Type genus: Stethaprion Cope, 1870.

Aphiocharacinae Eigenmann, 1909b (correct spelling Aphyocharacinae):254. Type genus: Aphyocharax Günther, 1868. Additional comments: Eigenmann (1909b) misspelled Aphiocharacinae. Eigenmann (1912a:311) corrected the name to Aphyocharacinae.

Diapominae Eigenmann, 1909b:254. Type genus: Diapoma Cope, 1894.

Gymnocharacininae Eigenmann, 1909b (correct spelling Gymnocharacinae):254. Type genus: Gymnocharacinus Steindachner, 1903. Additional comments: Eigenmann (1909b) misspelled Gymnocharacininae. Eigenmann (1917:38) corrected the name to Gymnocharacinae.

Stichanodontinae Eigenmann, 1910 (correct spelling Stichonodontinae):441. Type genus: Stichonodon Eigenmann, 1903. Additional comments: Eigenmann (1910) misspelled Stichanodon. Eigenmann (1917:50) corrected the name to Stichonodontinae.

Rhoadsinae Fowler, 1911b (correct spelling Rhoadsiinae):497. Type genus: Rhoadsia Fowler, 1911. Additional comments: Fowler (1911b) misspelled Rhoadsinae. Eigenmann, Myers (1929:457), corrected the name to Rhoadsiinae.

Brachycalcininae Eigenmann, 1912a (correct spelling Brachychalcininae):97. Type genus: Brachychalcinus Boulenger, 1892. Additional comments: Eigenmann (1912a) misspelled Brachycalcininae. Fowler (1958:10) corrected the name in proposing the tribe Brachychalcinidi.

Pterobryconinae Eigenmann, 1913:3. Type genus: Pterobrycon Eigenmann, 1913.

Glandulocaudinae Eigenmann, 1914c:32. Type genus: Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911. Additional comments: Glandulocaudinae appeared first in the text on page 33, but the title of page 32 is clear in proposing the new name.

Hysteronotinae Eigenmann, 1914c:35. Type genus: Hysteronotus Eigenmann, 1911.

Pseudocorynopominae Eigenmann, 1914c:34. Type genus: Pseudocorynopoma Perugia, 1891.

Cheirodontinae Eigenmann, 1915:2. Type genus: Cheirodon Girard, 1855. Additional comments: Eigenmann (1915) proposed the subfamily Cheirodontinae to allocate these fishes apart from Aphyocharacinae. As noted by Malabarba (1998), if Cheirodontinae is considered a synonym of the Aphyocharacinae, it has no priority over the latter and Aphyocharacinae should be the correct name used to refer to the group Eigenmann created that includes both nominal genera Cheirodon and Aphyocharax.

Cynopotamini Cockerell, 1915:156. Type genus: Cynopotamus Valenciennes, 1850.

Corynopominae Eigenmann, 1927:395. Type genus: Corynopoma Gill, 1858.

Oligosarginae Fowler, 1932 (correct spelling Oligosarcinae):361. Type genus: Oligosarcus Günther, 1864. Additional comments: Fowler (1975:117) remarked that the name Oligosarginae is undefined. Géry (2013) used as Oligosarcinae.

Creagrutinae Miles, 1943:41. Type genus: Creagrutus Günther, 1864.

Xenurobryconini Myers, Böhlke 1956:6. Type genus: Xenurobrycon Myers, Miranda-Ribeiro, 1945.

Exodonidi Fowler, 1958 (correct spelling Exodontidi):10. Type genus: Exodon Müller, Troschel, 1844. Additional comments: Fowler (1958) misspelled Exodonidi. Géry (1964d:459) corrected the name to Exodontidi.

Grundulidi Fowler, 1958:8. Type genus: Grundulus Valenciennes, 1846.

Roeboididi Fowler, 1958:10. Type genus: Roeboides Günther, 1864.

Scissorini Fowler, 1958:8. Type genus: Scissor Günther, 1864.

Pristellidi Géry, Boutière, 1964:482. Type genus: Pristella Eigenmann, 1908.

Hemibryconini Géry, 1966b:218. Type genus: Hemibrycon Günther, 1864.

Pseudochalceini Géry, 1966b:219. Type genus: Pseudochalceus Kner, 1863.

Aphyoditeini Géry, 1972c:16. Type genus: Aphyodite Eigenmann, 1912.

Paragoniatinae Géry, 1972a:57. Type genus: Paragoniates Steindachner, 1876.

Stigichthyini Géry, 1972a (correct spelling Stygichthyini):50. Type genus: Stygichthys Brittan, Böhlke, 1965. Additional comments: Although this correction was not formally noticed by the authors, Van Der Laan et al. (2014) were the first to correct the spelling of the tribe to Stygichthyini.

Compsurini Malabarba, Weitzman, Burns in Malabarba, 1998:200. Type genus: Compsura Eigenmann, 1915.

Landonini Weitzman, Menezes, 1998:180. Type genus: Landonia Eigenmann, Henn, 1914. Additional comments: According to Van Der Laan et al. (2014) the correct stem is Landoni-. Ladonini appeared first in the abstract on page 171, but the new name is formally proposed only on page 180.

Phenacobryconini Weitzman, Menezes, 1998:186. Type genus: Phenacobrycon Eigenmann, 1922. Additional comments: Phenacobryconini appeared first in the abstract on page 171, but the new name is formally proposed only on page 186.

Trochilocharacini Zarske, 2010:92. Type genus: Trochilocharax Zarske, 2010. Additional comments: Trochilocharacini appeared first in the abstract on page 75, but the new name is formally proposed only on page 92.

Phenacogasterini Mattox, Toledo-Piza, 2012 (correct stem would be Phenacogastr-):882. Type genus: Phenacogaster Eigenmann, 1907.

Pseudocheirodontini Mariguela, Ortí, Avelino, Abe, Oliveira, 2013:30. Type genus: Pseudocheirodon Meek, Hildebrand, 1916.

Eretmobryconini Thomaz, Arcila, Ortí, Malabarba, 2015:13. Type genus: Eretmobrycon Fink, 1976. Additional comments: Name appeared first in cladogram on page 9, but the new name is formally defined on page 13.

Protocheirodontini Vari, Melo, Oliveira, 2016:e150154. Type genus: Protocheirodon Vari, Melo, Oliveira, 2016.

Spintherobolinae Mirande, 2018:14. Type genus: Spintherobolus Eigenmann, 1911.

ACANTHOCHARAX Eigenmann, 1912 CAS Lucena

Acanthocharax Eigenmann, 1912a:258, 404. Type species: Acanthocharax microlepis Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Acanthocharax microlepis Eigenmann, 1912

Acanthocharax microlepis Eigenmann, 1912a:405, Pl. 61 (fig. 1). Type locality: Tumatumari. [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 54475.

Distribution: 310 (Eigenmann, 1912a).

ACESTROCEPHALUS Eigenmann, 1910 V Giovannetti

Acestrocephalus Eigenmann, 1910:447. Type species: Xiphorhamphus anomalus Steindachner, 1880. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes, 2006

Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes, 2006:397, fig. 13. Type locality: Brazil, Pará: Caldeirão, igarapé do Cinzento, rio Itacaiúnas. Holotype: MZUSP 31650.

Distribution: 320, 324 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus anomalus (Steindachner, 1880)

Xiphorhamphus anomalus Steindachner, 1880:84 [32]. Type locality: Cauca. [Colombia]. Holotype: NMW 57983.

Distribution: 302 (Menezes, 1976).

Acestrocephalus boehlkei Menezes, 1977

Acestrocephalus boehlkei Menezes, 1977:186, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Punino, a tributary of the Rio Payamino (Napo river system), above Coca, Ecuador. Holotype: MCZ 51473.

Distribution: 316, 317 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus maculosus Menezes, 2006

Acestrocephalus maculosus Menezes, 2006:393, fig. 10. Type locality: Brazil, Goiás: Minaçu, córrego Água Parada, tributary of rio do Peixe, Serra da Mesa. Holotype: MZUSP 53974.

Distribution: 324 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus nigrifasciatus Menezes, 2006

Acestrocephalus nigrifasciatus Menezes, 2006:395, fig. 12. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso: Porto dos Gaúchos, rio Arinos, rio Tapajós basin, 11°31’51”S, 57°25’8”W. Holotype: MCP 30420.

Distribution: 320 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus pallidus Menezes, 2006

Acestrocephalus pallidus Menezes, 2006:398, fig. 14. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas: rio Madeira, ilha do Puruzinho. Holotype: MZUSP 35624.

Distribution: 316, 321 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus sardina (Fowler, 1913)

Charax sardina Fowler, 1913b:566, fig. 21. Type locality: Madeira River, about 200 miles east of W. Long 60°20’, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39307.

Acestrocephalus ginesi Lasso, Taphorn, 2000:443, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Apure State, Rio Cinaruco, playa em frente de Laguna Larga, Distrito Muñoz (06°33’45”N, 67°24’W). Holotype: MCNG 34681. Taxonomic status discussed in Menezes (2006).

Distribution: 308, 314, 316, 321 (Menezes, 2006).

Acestrocephalus stigmatus Menezes, 2006

Acestrocephalus stigmatus Menezes, 2006:394, fig. 11. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso: Nova Xavantina, rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, 14°40’9”S, 52°21’12”W. Holotype: MNRJ 28718.

Distribution: 322, 324 (Menezes, 2006).

ACINOCHEIRODON Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999 FC Jerep, LR Malabarba, J Chuctaya

Acinocheirodon Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999:413. Type species: Acinocheirodon melanogramma Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Acinocheirodon melanogramma Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999

Acinocheirodon melanogramma Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999:413, figs. 1–7. Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio São Francisco drainage. Município de Bocaiúva, córrego Cachoeira, tributary to rio Jequitaí, km 413 of highway BR 135, approximately 17°28’S, 44°02’W. Holotype: MNRJ 16455.

Distribution: 327, 328 (Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999).

Remarks: Malabarba, Weitzman, 1999 restricted type specimens to Rio São Francisco basin and referred specimens from rio Jequitinhonha as Acinocheirodon cf. melanogramma.

ACROBRYCON Eigenmann, Pearson, 1924 NA Menezes, P Camelier

Acrobrycon Eigenmann, Pearson, in Pearson, 1924:44. Type species: Tetragonopterus ipanquianus Cope, 1877. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Acrobrycon ipanquianus (Cope, 1877)

Tetragonopterus ipanquianus Cope, 1877:44 [28]. Type locality: Upper waters of the Urubamba, one of the sources of the Ucayale. [Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 21114. [Designated by Fowler (1906:337, fig. 25). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:49), and Arcila et al. (2013:607)].

Distribution: 317, 318 (Cope, 1877; Weitzman, 2003).

Acrobrycon ortii Arcila, Vari, Menezes, 2013

Acrobrycon ortii Arcila, Vari, Menezes, 2013:609, fig. 5. Type locality: Bolivia, Villamontes, Río Pilcomayo, Río Paraguay basin, 21°20’S, 63°37’W. Holotype: CBF 13305. [Previously USNM 305496].

Distribution: 342 (Arcila et al., 2013).

Acrobrycon starnesi Arcila, Vari, Menezes, 2013

Acrobrycon starnesi Arcila, Vari, Menezes, 2013:606, fig. 4. Type locality: Bolivia, Chuquisaca, Río Thyumayu, tributary of Río Azero, by road 30 air km SE of Padilla, 19°34’S, 64°08’W. Holotype: CBF 13307. [Previously USNM 319277].

Distribution: 318 (Arcila et al., 2013).

Acrobrycon tarijae Fowler, 1940

Acrobrycon tarijae Fowler, 1940b:50, figs. 5–6. Type locality: Rio Lipeo, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 68775.

Distribution: 342 (Briñoccoli et al., 2022).

AMAZONSPINTHER Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba, Weitzman, 2008 FC Jerep, LR Malabarba, J Chuctaya

Amazonspinther Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba, Weitzman, 2008:664. Type species: Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba, Weitzman, 2008. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba, Weitzman, 2008

Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba, Weitzman, 2008:665, figs. 1–5, 6a, 7, 11, 12. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Humaitá-Canutama, stream crossing road Transamazônica about 12 km west of Humaitá to Lábrea, rio Madeira basin, 07°34’25”S, 63°06’39”W. Holotype: MCP 38623.

Distribution: 316 (Bührnheim et al., 2008).

ANDROMAKHE Terán, Benitez, Mirande, 2020 M Toledo-Piza

Andromakhe Terán, Benitez, Mirande, 2020 Type species: Astyanax latens Mirande, Aguilera, Azpelicueta, 2004. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Andromakhe latens (Mirande, Aguilera, Azpelicueta, 2004)

Astyanax latens Mirande, Aguilera, Azpelicueta, 2004:215, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Argentina, Salta, río Bermejo basin, arroyo El Oculto (23°07’S, 64°30’W). Holotype: CI-FML 3400.

Distribution: 342 (Mirande et al., 2004).

Remarks: Placed in Andromakhe by Terán et al. (2020:10).

Andromakhe paris (Azpelicueta, Almirón, Casciotta, 2002)

Astyanax paris Azpelicueta, Almirón, Casciotta, 2002:1052, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Argentina, province of Misiones, río Uruguay basin, headwater of arroyo Yabotí-Guazú, arroyo Fortaleza (26°45’S, 54°10’W). Holotype: MLP 9584.

Distribution: 333 (Azpelicueta et al., 2002; Lucena et al., 2013).

Remarks: Placed in Andromakhe by Terán et al. (2020:10).

Andromakhe saguazu (Casciotta, Almirón, Azpelicueta, 2003)

Astyanax saguazu Casciotta, Almirón, Azpelicueta, 2003:330, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Argentina: Misiones: río Uruguay basin, headwater of arroyo Once Vueltas (27°38’S, 55°12’W). Holotype: MLP 9603.

Distribution: 332, 333 (Lucena et al., 2013).

Remarks: Placed in Andromakhe by Terán et al. (2020:10).

Andromakhe stenohalina (Messner, 1962)

Astyanax stenohalinus Messner, 1962:4. Type locality: Laguna Mazangano, Uruguay. Syntypes: MHNM CI 845 (2), 1066 (1), 1186 (1), 1646 (2).

Distribution: 332, 334 (Almirón et al., 2010).

Remarks: Placed in Andromakhe by Terán et al. (2020:10).

Andromakhe tupi (Azpelicueta, Mirande, Almirón, Casciotta, 2003)

Astyanax tupi Azpelicueta, Mirande, Almirón, Casciotta, 2003:3, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Argentina, province of Misiones, arroyo Cuñapirú in Balneario de Aristóbulo del Valle. Holotype: MACN-Ict 8646.

Distribution: 345 (Azpelicueta et al., 2003).

Remarks: Placed in Andromakhe by Terán et al. (2020:10).

APHYOCHARACIDIUM Géry, 1960 MMF Marinho

Aphyocharacidium Géry, 1960f:24. Type species: Odontostilbe melandetus Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: Neuter.

Aphyocharacidium bolivianum Géry, 1973

Aphyocharacidium bolivianum Géry, 1973:101, figs. 12–14. Type locality: Brook between upper rios Chaparé and Chimoré (or Ichilo), tributaries of the rio Mamoré (into rio Madeira), east of Todos Santos, Central Bolivia, approximately 16°47’S, 65°W. Holotype: ZFMK 2933.

Distribution: 318 (Géry, 1973).

Aphyocharacidium melandetum (Eigenmann, 1912)

Odontostilbe melandetus Eigenmann, 1912a:312, Pl. 44 (fig. 3). Type locality: British Guiana. [Guyana]. Holotype: CM 1878 (missing from FMNH).

Distribution: 311 (Géry, 1960f).

Remarks: The original description of Aphyocharacidium melandetum did not specify the exact location where the types were collected in Guyana. Géry (1960f) erected Aphyocharacidium and transferred the species to the genus, presenting a redescription based on four specimens from French Guiana. Apparently, the author did not examine the types. Aphyocharacidium melandetum remains poorly known and a taxonomic revisionary study is necessary for this taxon. See Planquette et al. (1966) for additional comments.

APHYOCHARAX Günther, 1868 R Souza-Lima

Aphyocharax Günther, 1868a:480. Type species: Aphyocharax pusillus Günther, 1868. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Holoprion Eigenmann, 1903:145. Type species: Chirodon agassizii Steindachner, 1882. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Phoxinopsis Regan, 1907a:262. Type species: Phoxinopsis typicus Regan, 1907. Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Status of genus discussed by Malabarba, 1998:229.

Notropocharax Marini, Nichols, La Monte, 1933:6. Type species: Notropocharax difficilis Marini, Nichols, La Monte, 1933. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Status of genus discussed by Malabarba, 1998:231.

Aphyocharax agassizii (Steindachner, 1882)

Chirodon agassizii Steindachner, 1882c:180. Type locality: Jatuarana. [According to Higuchi (1996) the locality is probably an igarape or lagoa SW of Parintins, near Barreirinha, Amazonas, Brazil. There are at least five places named Jatuarana in the Amazon region, including a locality called Barreirinha near Parintins (former locality of Villa Bella). However, most probably, the locality is the Jatuarana igarape, about 50 km downstream (east) of Manaus, in front of Marimbá and Rei lakes and next to the igarape of the same name]. Syntypes: NMW 62686 (2).

Distribution: 316 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Remarks: A more detailed diagnosis is provided in the publication of the same name and year: Steindachner (1882a).

Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903

Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:517. Type locality: Asuncion. Holotype: CAS 59697.

Phoxinopsis typicus Regan, 1907a:262, 1 fig. Type locality: Aquarium fishes from Argentina. Holotype: BMNH 1907.6.28.51.

Aphyocharax rubropinnis Pappenheim, 1922:36. Type locality: Rosario (Argentien). [Argentina]. Syntypes: ZMB 20497 (4).

Aphyocharax affinis Ahl, 1924a:33. Type locality: Ohne Fundort. [Zarske, Géry (1995:104) mentioned “(Fundort: Florida, 150 km südlich Asuncion)”. The locality is most probably “Villa Florida”, which is 163 km southeastern from Assunção, Paraguay, next to Tebicuary river (circa 26.404162 S, 57.129725 W)]. Lectotype: ZMB 31645. [Designated by Zarske, Géry (1995)]. Although Ahl has sent his article for publication in June 1923, it was actually published in 1924.

Aphyocharax ipacarayensis Ahl, 1924a:32. Type locality: Lagune Ipacaray, Paraguay. Holotype: ZMB 20605 [or 23605]. Although Ahl has sent his article for publication in June 1923, it was actually published in 1924.

Distribution: 332, 333, 334, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Aphyocharax avary Fowler, 1913

Aphyocharax avary Fowler, 1913b:532, fig. 8. Type locality: Madeira River, about 200 miles east of Long. 62°20’W, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39217.

Distribution: 316 (Brito et al., 2018:397).

Remarks: Previously considered a synonym Aphyocharax alburnus (Günther, 1869). Treated as valid by Brito et al., 2018:398.

Aphyocharax brevicaudatus Brito, Guimarães, Carvalho-Costa, Ottoni, 2019

Aphyocharax brevicaudatus Brito, Guimarães, Carvalho-Costa, Ottoni, 2019:510, figs. 1, 2. Type locality: Brazil, Maranhão state, Maracaçumé municipality, Maracaçumé River, 2°3’14”S, 45°57’16”W. Holotype. CICCAA 02293.

Distribution: 323 (Brito et al., 2019).

Aphyocharax colifax Taphorn, Thomerson, 1991

Aphyocharax colifax Taphorn, Thomerson, 1991:113, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Estado Bolívar, Distrito Heres, parte media del Río Oris, um afluente del Río Paraguá, em el Campamento Turumbán de la CVG, (aprox. 06°18’ N, 63°54’W). Holotype: MCNG 17127.

Distribution: 308 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903

Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:516–517. Type locality: Asuncion, rio Paraguay (Laguna). [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 59722.

Aphyocharax pappenheimi Ahl, 1924a:33. Type locality: Ascuncion, Paraguay. Lectotype: ZMB 23607. [Designated by Zarske, Géry (1995)]. Although Ahl has sent his article for publication in June 1923, it was actually published in 1924.

Notropocharax difficilis Marini, Nichols, La Monte, 1933:6–7, fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Mogy-guassú, southeastern Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12247.

Aphyocharax nasutus Ahl, 1936:20–22. Type locality: Rosario de Sta Fé, Argentinien. [Argentina]. Lectotype: ZMB 20795 (1). [Designated by Zarske, Géry (1995)].

Distribution: 342, 343, 344a, 345 (Souza-Lima, 2003; Souza-Lima, 2004).

Aphyocharax erythrurus Eigenmann, 1912

Aphyocharax erythrurus Eigenmann, 1912a:313, Pl. 44 (fig. 4). Type locality: Rockstone sand-bank. [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53579.

Distribution: 310 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Aphyocharax gracilis Fowler, 1940

Aphyocharax gracilis Fowler, 1940b:61, figs. 16–17. Type locality: Villa Montes, Rio Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 68864.

Distribution: 342 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Aphyocharax nattereri (Steindachner, 1882)

Chirodon nattereri Steindachner, 1882c:180. Type locality: Villa bella. [Currently Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil (Dick, 1977:24; Higuchi, 1996:44)]. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown.

Chirodon pulcher Steindachner, 1882a:39–40. Type locality: Villa bella (Amazonenstrom). [Brazil]. Syntypes: (several) NMW 62541-42 (6, 4), 77969 (3). [Steindachner (1882) only mentioned: “Zahlreiche” (= numerous)]. Secondarily preoccupied by Tetragonopterus pulcher Gill, 1883 when both are in Cheirodon, replaced by Cheirodon steindachneri Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1891.

Cheirodon steindachneri Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1891:54. Type locality: Villa bella (Amazonenstrom). [Brazil]. Syntypes: NMW 62541-42 (6, 4), 77969 (3). Replacement for Chirodon pulcher Steindachner, 1882.

Aphyocharax paraguayensis Eigenmann, 1915:33–34, fig. 10, Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Paraguay, Cáceres. [Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 57922.

Distribution: 318, 319, 342, 343 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Remarks: Priority of Chirodon nattereri Steindachner, 1882 over Chirodon pulcher Steindachner, 1882 is given by date of publication.

Aphyocharax pusillus Günther, 1868

Aphyocharax pusillus Günther, 1868a:480. Type locality: Huallaga and Xeberos. [Peru]. Syntypes: (1) BMNH 1867.6.13.46 (1); BMNH 1867.6.13.58–59 (2). [Brito et al., 2018:394].

Chirodon alburnus Günther, 1869:424, fig. 2. Type locality: Peruvian Amazons. Lectotype: BMNH 1869.5.21.10. [Designated by Brito et al., 2018:396]. Synonymy proposed by Brito et al., 2018; Souza-Lima, 2004).

Distribution: 316, 318a, 319a, 321a (Souza-Lima, 2003; 2004).

Remarks: A more detailed diagnosis is provided in the publication of the same year: Günther (1868b). Taxonomic status discussed by Brito et al., 2018:394.

Aphyocharax rathbuni Eigenmann, 1907

Aphyocharax rathbuni Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:10–11. Type locality: Arroyo Chagalalina, Paraguay basin. Holotype: CAS 76467.

Aphyocharax stramineus Eigenmann, in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:11. Type locality: Arroyo Trementina. [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 76472.

Distribution: 343 (Souza-Lima, 2003).

Remarks: Eigenmann (1915:31–32): listed Aphyocharax stramineus as a junior synonym of A. rathbuni and thus acted as first reviser.

Aphyocharax yekwanae Willink, Chernoff, Machado-Allison, 2003

Aphyocharax yekwanae Willink, Chernoff, Machado-Allison, in Willink, Chernoff, Machado-Allison, Provenzano, Petry, 2003:2, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela: Bolivar: Río Erebato, 5 km upstream from Entreríos, 5°53’59”N, 64°28’43”W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-30140.

Distribution: 308 (Willink et al., 2003).

APHYOCHEIRODON Eigenmann, 1915 FC Jerep, LR Malabarba, J Chuctaya

Aphyocheirodon Eigenmann, 1915:58. Type species: Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus Eigenmann, 1915. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus Eigenmann, 1915

Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus Eigenmann, 1915:58, fig. 18, Pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality: Jaquara. [Type locality in Brazil specified in Haseman, Eigenmann (1911) as: Jaguara, Rio Grande, into Rio Paraná; creeks and lagoons of the Rio Grande. Aug. 18–19, 1908]. Holotype: FMNH 57819.

Distribution: 344 (Eigenmann, 1915).

APHYODITE Eigenmann, 1912 MMF Marinho

Aphyodite Eigenmann, 1912a:255, 314. Type species: Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Aphyodite apiaka Esguícero, Castro, 2017

Aphyodite apiaka Esguícero, Castro, 2017:758, fig. 5. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas State, Nova Aripuanã Municipality, Rio Madeira, Rio Aripuanã, ressaca (= wetlands) of Lago Jenipapo, 06°09’08”S, 60°13’29”W. Holotype: INPA 52541.

Distribution: 321 (Esguícero, Castro, 2017).

Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann, 1912

Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann, 1912a:314, Pl. 44 (fig. 5). Type locality: Konawaruk, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53408.

Distribution: 310, 316, 321 (Eigenmann, 1912a; Lima et al., 2013).

Remarks: Redescription in Géry (1973) and Esguícero, Castro (2017). Taxonomic accounts in Lima et al. (2013).

Aphyodite tupebas Esguícero, Castro, 2017

Aphyodite tupebas Esguícero, Castro, 2017:760, fig. 7. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas State, Tefé Municipality, Rio Solimões, Rio Tefé, Jurupari, capim-praia (= flooded grasses and beach), approximately 03°22’S, 64°43’W. Holotype: MZUSP 119760.

Distribution: 316 (Esguícero, Castro, 2017).

ARGOPLEURA Eigenmann, 1913 NA Menezes, P Camelier

Argopleura Eigenmann, 1913:10. Type species: Bryconamericus magdalenensis Eigenmann, 1913. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as subgenus of Bryconamericus Eigenmann, McAtee, Ward.

Xenurocharax Regan, 1913b:463. Type species: Xenurocharax spurrellii Regan, 1913. Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: Priority of Argopleura over Xenurobrycon (dates of publication June vs. November 1913, respectively) discussed by Weitzman, 2003:223.

Argopleura chocoensis (Eigenmann, 1913)

Bryconamericus chocoensis Eigenmann, 1913:14. Type locality: Istmina. [Colombia]. Holotype: FMNH 56235.

Xenurocharax spurrellii Regan, 1913b:463. Type locality: Condoto. [Colombia]. Holotype: BMNH 1913.10.1.33.

Distribution: 301 (Eigenmann, 1913; Weitzman, 2003:223.).

Remarks: Priority of Bryconamericus chocoensis over Xenurobrycon spurrellii given by date of publication (June 1913 vs. November 1913, respectively). See Weitzman (2003:223).

Argopleura conventus (Eigenmann, 1913)

Bryconamericus conventus Eigenmann, 1913:13. Type locality: Soplaviento. [(Colombia)]. Holotype: FMNH 56261.

Distribution: 302 (Eigenmann, 1913; Weitzman, 2003:223.).

Argopleura diquensis (Eigenmann, 1913)

Bryconamericus diquensis Eigenmann, 1913:14. Type locality: Soplaviento. [(Colombia)]. Holotype: FMNH 56272.

Distribution: 302 (Eigenmann, 1913; Weitzman, 2003:223.).

Argopleura magdalenensis (Eigenmann, 1913)

Bryconamericus magdalenensis Eigenmann, 1913:14. Type locality: Girardot. [(Colombia)]. Holotype: FMNH 56263.

Distribution: 302 (Eigenmann, 1913; Weitzman, 2003:223.).

ASTYANACINUS Eigenmann, 1907 FCP Dagosta

Astyanacinus Eigenmann, 1907:769. Type species: Tetragonopterus moorii Boulenger, 1892. Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: Astyanacinus is herein maintained as valid since its synonymization within Astyanax proposed by Ruiz-C. et al. (2018:3) seems to be premature. Regardless of being part of Astyanax or not, the species included in Astyanacinus were proposed as a monophyletic group by Dagosta (2011) based on characters that are exclusive among Astyanax species and their combination is, at least, unusual among other Tetragonopterinae. Astyanax is a genus markedly known as polyphyletic, lacking a phylogenetic definition. In addition, the relationships of Astyanacinus with species currently included in the genus Astyanax is not well understood yet. Dagosta (2011) provided evidence for a close relationship of Astyanacinus with Oligosarcus, Hollandichthys, and Rachoviscus or, alternatively, as the sister of Astyanax. Terán et al. (2020) found the type-species of Astyanacinus as being part of the Astyanax clade, corroborating the decision of Ruiz-C. et al. (2018:3). Alternatively, Melo et al. (2022) pointed out the same species as sister of Grundulus bogotoensis and part of a trans-Andean clade composed also by Carlana, Nematobrycon, and Rhoadsia. Aiming at the taxonomic stability and the maintenance of a name representing a phylogenetically corroborated clade and morphologically recognized group, the genus Astyanacinus is herein considered as valid until the phylogenetic position of its type-species is confidently addressed.